richard nixon :: essays research papers

Richard Nixon is known as the 37th president that resigned from office. I am going to tell you the whole story. Nixon was born in 1913 in Yorba Linda, California, the second of tailfin sons of Francis Nixon and Hannah Nixon. The Nixons were Scots-Irish and the Milhouses were of Irish and English descent, known as Quakers. Richard Nixon attended public schools in Whittier, California, and went to Whittier College, a Quaker institution, where he majored in history. He win a science to Duke University Law School and received his law degree in 1937. Nixon joined an established law firm in Whittier and there met his future wife, Thelma Ryan. They married on June 21, 1940, and had cardinal daughters, Patricia in 1946 and Julie in 1948. In 1946 Nixon was persuaded by California Republicans to be their candidate to challenge the popular Democratic Congressman Jerry Voorhis for his seat in the united States House of Representatives. Nixons campaign was an example of the vigorous and agg ressive style characteristic of his political career. He accused Voorhis of being soft on Communism. The two men confronted each other in a series of debates, and Voorhis was forced into a defensive position. Nixon won the election by a vote of 65,586 to 49,994. As a new member of the Congress of the United States, Nixon gained valuable experience in international affairs while serving on a exceptional committee that helped establish the European Recovery Program. Nixon also served on the House of Education and Labor Committee, where he helped draft the Taft-Hartley Act on labor-management relations. In 1948, he was reelected to Congress after winning both the Republican and Democratic nominations. In 1950 the Republicans chose Nixon as their candidate for the U.S. Senate from California. His opponent was the liberal Congresswoman Helen Gahagan Douglas. In another bitterly fought campaign, Nixon linked her voting record with American-Labor-Party congressman Vito Marcantonio, who w as widely regarded as pro-Communist. Nixon won the election by 680,000 votes. In 1952 Nixon was selected to be the running mate of General Dwight Eisenhower, who had won the Republican presidential nomination. Shortly after Nixons vice-presidential nomination it was reported that a fund had been collected to meet his expenses as a senator. No evidence was produced that Nixon had misused the fund or given special favors to contributors, but many of Eisenhowers advisers wanted Nixon to resign his candidacy.

Stem Cell Research is Murder :: Argumentative Essay, Argument

The stem mobile phone research controversy is one of the major headlines in bioscience and has been discussed and debated numerous times throughout the polish decade or so. It became a major issue in 1997/1998 and rund to the 2000s where George W. Bush joined to the problem by vetoing the first bid that was brought forrader by Congress to lift funding restrictions on human embryonic stem cell research. Bush stated after the veto that, would support the taking of innocent human life in the hope of finding medical benefits for others and also he stated It crosses a moral boundary that our decent caller needs to respect. Bush was also supported by children that he said, began his or her life as a frozen embryo that was created for in vitro stuffing (in vitro means the technique of performing an experiment in a controlled environment outside of a living organism) but remained unused after the fertility treatments were bang These boys and girls are not spare parts. Later on that y ear, Bush signed a bill to ban the creation of human fetuses for the sole declare oneself of harvesting organs. Soon after, the House proposed another bill that they had hoped him to sign to promote efforts to conduct stem cell research without destroying human embryos. Bush had called it an important role of legislation, but several politics said that it would distract attention from his veto for the funding for human embryonic stem cell research. Researchers and officials say that intimately 400 000 frozen embryos are stored at several U.S. fertility clinics with the vast majority await removal because couples that have produced these embryos do not want to force out them and also dont want another person(s) to raise their biological child. One problem that I think is an issue in the stem cell debate is the destruction of the stem cells and how its practically the same thing as destroying a human being. I dont believe that researchers and scientists should continue using embry onic stem cells for research because we are obviously not finding a cure for human diseases yet although for animals we are, its just not right to destroy a human being if we cannot find treatments for major diseases within a decade or so.

History of Perfume and Fragrances Essay examples -- Hygiene Smell Essa

History of Perfume and FragrancesThe history of heart is a facial expression of humanity a means of exchange, a protection against disease, a potion with divine virtues, a gallant message, which reflects society, perceptibly communicating its sense of commerce and medicine, of the sacred and the sensual. The news program perfume comes from the Latin per fume through smoke. This refers to the original use of fragrances - the burning of incense and herbs as a religious offering.Perfume is made up of denatured ethyl alcohol and essential fossil oils. The different names refer to the percentage of essential oils, and thus the strength of the scent. Perfume 22% of essential oils. Eau de Parfum 15 - 22%Eau de Toilette 8 - 15% Eau de Cologne 4%Ancient TimeDuring the civilizations of antiquity, perfume was presented as an offering to the gods. It was believed to sublimate the body and make it more(prenominal) god-like.10th Century BC The Medes, ancestors of todays Kurds are generally gi ven credit for the invention and widespread use of perfumes, presumably to hide veritable smells originating from overeating and failure to observe what are now common hygienic practices.1580-1085 BC The Egyptians create perfumes for daily consumer use and ultimately, use in religious ceremonies. Egyptian women used perfumed creams and oils as toiletries, cosmetics and aids to lovemaking. Queen Cleopatra was reported to use opiates and perfumes to seduce her many lovers and she may be the first to invent pomades from bear grease. Perfumes, particularly those developed from resins, were originally used to appease the gods but in time they became more important in the embalming process for chemical reasons. Materials with drying agents like asphal... ...n Kleins, Yves St Laurents, and Nina Riccis.ConclusionIn the end, history of perfume shows how great human in developing what we call fashion. From all those history we know that there are a lot of perfume usages, like medicine, sur geon, etc. People developed not only the fragrances, but also the bottles. They also invented a lot of way to obtain the fragrances, like distilling oil from the petals of roses. After all, perfume is part of human history, without it our live is not complete.ReferencesMaginnis, Tara. Perfumes For The Period Scent. The Costumers Manifesto.2 July 2003.<http//www.costumes.org/pages/perfume.htm.Karppinen, Shannon. A View of the World of Perfume.2 July 2003.<http//zebra.sc.edu/smell/shannon/shannon.html.Ackerman, Diane. A raw(a) History of the Senses. Vintage Books, New York. ISBN 0-679-73566-6.

J.B. Priestleys An Inspector Calls :: Priestley Inspector Calls Essays

J.B. Priestleys An Inspector CallsThe piddle away is set at the turn of the century and is centred on a wealthyfamily who are in(predicate) and prosperous at a time of poverty for some(prenominal). They are oblivious to this, and given the fact that the play waswritten many years later the play contains much irony about thefuture, but not only does it make it question our history but also ourfuture.The inspector is portrayed as organism the champion of socialism, he isthere to symbolise Priestleys views. Essentially Priestley usesbiased representations of capitalism, and socialism, reflected withBirling, and inspector Goole, to prepare the reader for his conclusivemessage. Priestley carrys this message of responsibility towardsothers in many ways throughout the play. He also criticises his viewson the society at the time by using each of the other characters as salient devices to, symbolically, convey his message.Priestley was writing in 1945, while the play was set in 1912 evenb efore the war. Priestley introduces the play right after the worldwar hence reminding the readers and viewers of the situations beforethe war. He compares these social situations of 1912 with 1945. Hismessage contrasts these two periods of time with the help of inspectorGoole. During 1912 there were a lot of differentiation between theupper and level class, and very few belonged in between. He uses theinspector indirectly to point out the serious flaws in society whichallowed disadvantaged Eva Smith to exist aboard the privilegedBirlings. Due to the war the class society had been nearly wiped out.During 1912 almost every lower class family lived in houses rentedfrom private landlords, very few had their make houses. Arthur Birlingis shown in 1912 predicting that there will be no war, I say therewill be no war, and this prediction was ostensibly wrong. Thistechnique was used so that Priestley can again give comparisonsbetween the two time periods. In 1945 Priestley tries to make theuncognizant percentage of people aware of the cruel society that existedin 1912. He shows that the war mixed people up, it broke down theclass and occupational barriers that existed before and that a valuewas given to all men and women, therefore, in that sense there wasequality.In the play the inspector is portrayed as an enigmatic figure, neverrevealing his true identity. His dramatic power lies in this, whererevealing his identity would consequently affect the tension andsuspense that is built up as the story progresses. To do thiseffectively, Priestley leaves several interpretations on the identityof the inspector.

The Crucible Film Essay -- Movie Revier Miller Crucible

The Crucible Film The Crucible an intensely emotional and dramatic film based on the horrific story of the Salem bewitch trials. The opening and concluding sequences are of great importance in conjuring the melancholy atmosphere present throughout the story. The director uses various different devices to grasp this. A variety of tv camera techniques are used throughout the beginning sequence to enhance the mood and involve the auditory sense. Camera techniques are harmonized with illume effects to culminate this dramatic scene. I will begin by discussing examples of this. In the small town, many close-ups and long shots are used to enhance facial expression and to set the sombre mood. Opening on a hang glide shot of Abigails face, an aura of gloom is created by the cold colour scheme and her shadowed expression. The blackened dcor of the room shown in this scene is used to further emphasize the gothic theme of the film. The camera tracks then trac ks her out into the village, its angle showing the village as she would see it claustrophobic and dark. This may be used as a visual metaphor implying the repressive, narrow-minded nature of the Salem society. A zoom shot is used to show the other village girls simultaneously rush from their houses after Abigail, towards the grim-looking forest ahead. This illustrates Abigail as the girls leader, and the fact that the film opens on her establishes her as a main character. As the film changes scene, the camera techniques change likewise. Panning and tracking conjure a sense of tension and chaos, and this effect is teamed with austere colour schemes of purple and blue. The camera is in mid-... ...characters. The first sequence is guaranteed to widen an audiences eyes, getting their heartbeat racing as the tension builds. After the audience is put through feelings of anxiety, happiness and care throughout the middle of the film, the mood is brought back down to a funereal sombreness, as the favourite character is brought to an end. But perhaps this scene could be do even more powerful if more focus was put on the battle for Johns conscience, instead of the infidelity of the central character? Also, I think that an election end to the finishing sequence could be more effective. When John is hung, this could be shown from his perspective the onlookers gradually becoming faded as he swung above them. The audience still left to imagine Johns final state, this gives a more powerful and enduring image.

The Crucible Film Essay -- Movie Revier Miller Crucible

The Crucible Film The Crucible an intensely emotional and dramatic film base on the horrific story of the Salem witch trials. The opening and concluding sequences are of great importance in conjuring the melancholy atmosphere symbolise throughout the story. The director uses various different devices to achieve this. A variety of camera techniques are used throughout the beginning sequence to enhance the snappishness and involve the audience. Camera techniques are harmonized with lighting effects to culminate this dramatic scene. I will begin by discussing examples of this. In the village, many close-ups and dour shots are used to enhance facial expression and to set the sombre mood. Opening on a zoom shot of Abigails face, an aura of gloom is created by the cold colour scheme and her shadowed expression. The bleak dcor of the room shown in this scene is used to further emphasize the gothic theme of the film. The camera tracks then tracks her out in to the village, its angle showing the village as she would see it claustrophobic and dark. This may be used as a visual simile implying the repressive, narrow-minded nature of the Salem society. A zoom shot is used to show the other village girls simultaneously rush from their houses after Abigail, towards the grim-looking forest ahead. This illustrates Abigail as the girls leader, and the fact that the film opens on her establishes her as a main casing. As the film changes scene, the camera techniques change likewise. Panning and tracking conjure a sense of latent hostility and chaos, and this effect is teamed with austere colour schemes of purple and blue. The camera is in mid-... ...characters. The first sequence is guaranteed to widen an audiences eyes, getting their heartbeat racing as the tension builds. by and by the audience is put through feelings of anxiety, happiness and awe throughout the middle of the film, the mood is brought back dow n to a funereal sombreness, as the favourite character is brought to an end. But perhaps this scene could be made even more powerful if more focus was put on the battle for Johns conscience, instead of the infidelity of the central character? Also, I think that an alternative end to the finishing sequence could be more effective. When John is hung, this could be shown from his perspective the onlookers gradually enough faded as he swung above them. The audience still left to imagine Johns final state, this gives a more powerful and enduring image.

Tok Titles for the 2011-2012

These are the following titles that were given for 2011-2012. 1600 words need to be written. 1. intimacy is generated through the interaction of critical and creative thinking. Evaluate this statement in two areas of knowledge. 2. Compare and contrast knowledge which can be expressed in words/symbols with knowledge that cannot be expressed in this way. Consider CAS and one or more areas of knowledge. 3. Using history and at least one new(prenominal) area of knowledge, examine the claim that it is possible to attain knowledge despite problems of bias and selection. . When should we discard explanations that are intuitively appealing? 5. What is it about theories in the homophile recognitions and natural sciences that makes them convincing?6. It is more important to discover new ways of thinking about what is already known than to discover new data or facts. To what extent would you agree with this claim? 7. The vocabulary we have does more than communicate our knowledge it shapes what we can know. Evaluate this claim with reference to different areas of knowledge. . Analyse the strengths and weaknesses of utilize faith as a basis for knowledge in religion and in one area of knowledge from the ToK diagram. 9. As an IB student, how has your learning of literature and science contributed to your understanding of individuals and societies? 10. Through different methods of justification, we can reach conclusions in ethics that are as well-supported as those provided in mathematics. To what extent would you agree?

Business Communication Essay

Q 1. Describe all situation that you experienced where the communication went wrong because the listening was faulty. Analyze the situation by explaining the type of listening bar. . How could this barrier be overcome? (10 marks).The following example illustrates an arrangingal barrier to communication. By the era the message is passed down from the Chief to the lower level Executives, it is distorted completely, so much so that the original message is interpreted differently by each level in the organization.Memo from chief operating officer to Manager Today at 11 oclock there forget be a total eclipse of the sun. This is when the sun disappears behind the moon for 2 minutes. As this is something that can non be seen every day, time will be allowed for employees to view the eclipse in the parking lot. faculty should meet in the lot at ten to eleven, when I will deliver a short speech introducing the eclipse, and giving some background information. Safety goggles will be made a vailable at a small cost.Memo from Manager to department Head Today at ten to eleven, all staff should meet in the car park. This will be followed by a total eclipse of the sun, which will appear for 2 minutes. For a moderate cost, they will be made safe with goggles. The chief operating officer will deliver a short speech beforehand to give us all some information. This is not something that can be seen everyday.Memo from the Department Head to Floor Manager The CEO will today deliver a speech to make the sun disappear for 2 minutes in the form of an eclipse. This is something that cannot be seen everyday so staff will meet in the carpark at ten or eleven. This will be safe, if you pay a moderate cost.Memo from Floor Manager to Supervisor Ten or eleven staff ar to go to the car park, where the CEO will eclipse the sun for 2 minutes. This does not happen everyday. It will be safe, and as usual it will cost you.Memo from Supervisor to Staff Some staff will go to the car park today to see the CEO disappear. It is a pity this doesnt happen everyday.Communication was filtered or misinterpreted because of the following barriersOrganizational Barriers In organizations that atomic number 18 too hierarchical, that is, where there are multiple layers, messages may have to pass through many levels before they finally reach the receiver. Each level may add to, modify or completely change the message, so much so that it becomes distorted by the time it reaches the intended receiver. In other words, there is likely to be loss of meaning and the message may not reach the receiver in the comparable way as it was intended by the sender.Another type of organizational barrier is a departmental barrier. This means that each department in an organization functions in isolation and there is no co-ordination or communication between them.This barrier could be overcome by the following methods1. Encourage Feedback Organizations should try to mitigate the communication system by getting feedback from the messages already sent. Feedback can tell the managers whether the message has reached the receiver in the intended way or not.2. Create a Climate of Openness A climate of trust and openness can go a long way in removing organizational barriers to communication. All subordinates or junior employees should be allowed to air their opinions and differences without fear of being penalized.3. Use Multiple Channels of Communication Organizations should uphold the use of multiple channels of communication, in pose to make sure that messages reach the intended receivers without fail. This means using a combination of both oral and written channels, as vigorous as pro forma (official) and informal (unofficial) channels of communication. The types of channels will be discussed in detail later, in a separate unit.Q 2. Select a business article from any business publication. Evaluate it in terms of a) Appropriate level of readability b) Use of jargon, slang a nd metaphors c) Use of simple vs. multiplex words. Is it well or poorly(predicate) written, in your opinion? Attach a copy of the article with your response. (10 marks)World Markets Rise As Double-Dip Fears Ease World stock markets advanced modestly Monday as investors rode momentum from Friday, when an upbeat U.S. jobs report eased fears that the global economy could slip back into recession.With Wall Street unappealing for a holiday, however, trading was expected to go forward light. Markets took heart after official data last week showed private employers in the U.S. added 67,000 jobs in August, more than analysts expected.The figure bolstered optimism that the U.S. will maintain a easy but steady recovery from last years recession and avoid another economic contr execute later this year.By mid-afternoon in Europe, Britains FTSE 100 index was up 0.3 share at 5,446.17, Germanys DAX was 0.3 percent higher at 6,153.31 and Frances CAC-40 was up 0.3 percent at 3,684.20. Asian i ndexes closed higher and trading on Wall Street was to remain shut for Labor Day weekend after closing higher on Friday.With close to major governments reining in economic stimulus measures and many pushing through austerity spending cuts to reduce deficits, investors worry the global economy would be pushed into a double dip recession, particularlyas the U.S. slows down quickly. Because the U.S. economy is the worlds largest and consumer spending there accounts for a fifth of global economic activity, the stronger-than-expected jobs data on Friday helped calm investors frayed nerves after weeks of worrying indicators.The renewed flight to safety we have witnessed over the past month is overd oneness and risks an equally large reversal when the worries over a double dip subside, analysts from Rabobank said in a report.As the unexciting, steady and below-trend global recovery continues, its distinguished not to confuse it with a double dip recession.Japans benchmark Nikkei 225 sto ck index climbed 2.1 percent, or 187.19, to 9,301.32 and South Koreas Kospi rose 0.7 percent to 1,792.42.Hong Kongs Hang Seng index added 1.8 percent to 21,355.77. Australias S&P/ASX 200 gained 0.8 percent at 4,575.50. Markets in mainland China, Taiwan, India, Indonesia and Singapore were also higher.The Dow Jones industrial intermediate jumped 1.2 percent to close at 10,447.93 on Friday. The broader Standard & Poors 500 Index rose 1.3 percent to 1,104.51.Shares in the U.S. ended the week in the positive, the first time that has happened in a month. The early gains in September mark a stark turnaround from August trade, when shares fell on doubts close the global economic recovery.The dollar fell to 84.24 yen from 84.27 yen on Friday. The euro was slightly lower at $1.2880 from $1.2895.Benchmark oil for October delivery was down 40 cents at $74.20 a barrel in electronic trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange. The contract fell 42 cents to settle at $74.60 on Friday.Jargon ref ers to technical terms or specialized vocabulary. Some of thetechnical terms mentioned above are rode momentum, Kospi, FTSE, CAC, DAX, calm investors frayed nerves, etc. More complex words and phrases are written in the above article and this reduces the level of readability when read by a common man. The above article is well written, however, the reader of the article should have a certain amount of knowledge in the field of stock trading and world financial markets.Q 3 dip out and briefly explain five dos and donts for each of participants and chairperson of a meet. (10 marks).Before the mergingAs pointed out earlier, meetings need to be planned in advance, so that they are successful. Before any planning can be done however, a underlying question to be asked is whether to hold a meeting at all. The answers to the following questions would help to decide whether a meeting is necessary in the first impersonate -Can the matter be decided or discussed over the telephone?-Can t he matter be ex water closeted in writing, in the form of a memo, or an e-mail message? -Are key volume available to attend the meeting and are they prepared? -Is the time allotted for the meeting sufficient?If the answers to the first two questions are yes and the answers to the other two questions are no, there is no purpose in calling a meeting.Once the need for a meeting has been determined, the next measuring stick is to start planning the meeting. First of all, the type and number of participants should be decided. A problem solving meeting should include representatives from all departments, since the decision would otherwise be incomplete. Shareholders, who are the owners of the company, should also be included. In terms of numbers, the size of the group could be anywhere between seven and eleven members. An exception to this is an information manduction meeting, where the numbers could be larger, so that a maximum number of people benefit from the information.The second and most of the essence(predicate) step in planning a meeting is to indicate the purpose or agenda of the meeting to the participants in advance. An agendais essentially a list of topics that will be discussed during a meeting. In the words of Adler and Elmhorst, A meeting without an agenda is like a ship at sea without a destination or compass no one aboard knows where it is or where it is headed. An agenda is prepared by the Chairperson of the meeting, or the person who calls the meeting.During the MeetingThe task of conducting and moderating the meeting rests with the chairperson. He or she essential be well versed with the procedures for opening the meeting, encouraging balanced participation, and solving problems creatively, concluding the meeting and managing time efficiently. We shall discuss each of these procedures in detail.1. Opening the Meeting The manner in which the meeting is opened is important, since a full opening will ensure that the rest of the meeting will p roceed smoothly. There are different ways of opening a meeting. Generally, it is best to sum up what has been stated in the agenda including the goals, background information and expectations of the participants. It is also a good idea to provide an outline of how the meeting will proceed, as well as a time budget.2. Encouraging Balanced Participation It is also the accountability of the chairperson to encourage silent members to contribute to the meeting and to moderate the dominant members, so that they do not hijack the meeting. There are several techniques to encourage participation Encourage Participation in the Reverse Order of Seniority This means getting the junior members to speak or air their opinions first. If the senior people speak first, they may feel suppressed or be afraid to disagree with their superiors. Nominal Group Technique In this method, the meeting participants are back up to work and contribute their ideas independently3. Managing Time There is no p rescribed length for a meeting. The duration of a meeting will depend on the type and purpose of the meeting. Generally, problem-solving meetings will take longer than other routine meetings. In any case, the chairperson should set a time budget for the meeting, depending on the agenda and ensure adherence to the time limit.4. Keeping the Meeting Focused Often, a lot of time is wasted during meetings by going off grade and by discussing topics that are irrelevant. In such situations, it is the responsibility of the chairperson, or the person moderating the discussion to make sure that the discussion remains focused on the topics mentioned in the agenda.5. Ensuring Convergence Convergence means hearing the points of view of all the members and then arriving at a decision. It is again the responsibility of the chairperson to bring the meeting to a point where an opinion emerges on each item of the agenda.6. Summing Up This means summing up the different points of view, the decisio ns and the actions to be taken. This should be done by the chairperson, identifying the share of each person on each item of the agenda, along with a specified deadline.Example Chris will take the responsibility of contacting the media and sending material for advertisements and press releases by March 13th.7. Concluding the Meeting The way a meeting is concluded is as important as the opening, since it will influence the follow-up action taken on decisions made during the meeting. The chairperson should know when and how to conclude the meeting.The meeting should normally be concluded at the scheduled closing time, unless important issues legato remain to be discussed and members are willing to extend the meeting. Sometimes meetings may be concluded before the closing time, when key decision makers are not present, or when important information such as cost figures are not available.8. Keeping Minutes of the Meeting Since meetings are called to take important decisions concern ing the organization, it is important to maintain a permanent written record of the proceedings, which can be referred to at a later stage, or serve as a feed for action. Such a record is known as minutes of the meeting and may be done in an informal or formal manner, depending on the type of meeting.

Interaction Between Cognition and Physiology Essay

Discuss the interaction surrounded by cognition and physiology in conditions of behaviorIntroduction cognition, physiology, relation amnesia retrograde, anterogradeMemory multi-store, division, *amnesic patients, guidances of distinguishing types of memory (KC, spiers maguire and burgess, vargha and khadem)HMClive WearingConclusion cognition, physiologyCognition, as defined by Neisser, is all told the processes by which the outlook transforms, reduces, elaborates, stores, retrieves, and uses information. Physiology refers to the structures of the humanity body and brain. The relationship between cognition and physiology is bi-directional, meaning that cognition can effect physiology and vice versa. Every cognitive aspect can be localise to a specific structure in the brain. This close interaction can have an effect on behavior. This essay will psychoanalyse memory as the cognition, and amnesia as the behavior.Amnesia, simply put, is a loss of memory. There are two types of am nesia retrograde, where information acquired before the onset of amnesia is forgotten, but naked memories can be made, and anterograde, where information acquired after the onset of amnesia is forgotten, making the patient unable to form new memories.Memory is defined by Baddeley as an active system which receives information from the senses, organizes and alters it, and stores it a counsel, and then retrieves the information from storage. A model called the multi-store model by Atkinson and Shiffrin states that there are 2 stores of memory short term (STM), and long term (LTM). Information is received by the sensory unit, and then sent to the STM. after this information is rehearsed, it is sent to the LTM. The researchers describe these 2 stores as one(a) stores, which differ in terms of capacity, duration, and encoding. The fact that the stores are unitary was refuted by later studies.Later studies of memory prove that the LTM can be divide into 2 explicit, and implicit. Explici t refers to the memories that one can declare, and implicit refers to the memories that are more underlying, like the memories of how to ride a bike. These two stores and further divided. Explicit memory contains casual (events) and semantic (facts). implicit contains procedural (skills) and emotional (emotions). For amnesic patients, the problem lies mostly with explicit memory.There are three main ways to study the differences between the types of memories. The first is the study of anterograde amnesic patients. For example, the study done by Spiers, Maguire and Burgess. They canvass 147 eludings of anterograde amnesia with damage to the hippocampus. psychological testing proved that all cases had impaired episodic memory and limitedly impaired semantic. This shows that the hippocampus is responsible for episodic memory. To make the conclusion more reliable, another study was done by Vargha and Khadem, with 3 anterograde amnesic patients, and found the same results, except that the semantic memory was completely intact. They found that semantic memory was localized to the cortices underlying the hippocampus.Another way of studying the differences between the two is by studying retrograde amnesic patients. a retrograde amnesic patient known as KC was studied to find that the damage to his hippocampus impaired his episodic memory, but his semantic memory was still intact. The study of amnesic patients is done in psychology to study the relations between the physiology and cognition, because the damage to the brain can be seen easily, and its effects on cognition can also be studied.The third way of distinguishing would be the use of neuro-imaging. Studies using neuro-imaging have concluded that emotional memory relates to the amygdala in the brain, and procedural locates at the striatum and cerebellum.Moving on to a specific study, one was done on a man known as HM. At the age of 9, HM started having uncontrollable epileptic seizures that couldnt becontroll ed by medication at the time. At the age of 27, the doctors removed his medial temporal lobe, to control his seizures. The surgery was successful, but after the surgery, HM suffered anterograde and overtone retrograde amnesia.He had a loss of episodic memory, and a limited impairment with semantic and emotional. The medial temporal lobe contained the hippocampus, and some of the cortices underlying it, as strong as burst of the amygdala. The doctor, John Harlow concluded that the specific types of memory located to the specific structures in the brain that were removed. This method of research, the case study, was ethical because they kept his identicalness from the media and referred to him as HM.One of the worst recorded cases of amnesia was that of Clive Wearing. He was a pianist and a conductor, and he developed herpes encephalitis, a brain infection that affected his temporal lobe. He was left with both retrograde and anterograde amnesia. His episodic memory was impaired as well as part of him emotional memory. His procedural memory stayed intact, he could still remember how to play the piano. His name was released into the media only because his wife allowed the researchers to do so, which abides by the ethical consideration of winning consent from ones caretaker in case of not being able to take consent from the participant himself.The studies showed both the causes and effects of the behavior amnesia. Since the studies were case studies, they were unique in nature, which gave the researchers a way of understanding the distinction between the types of memories. A disadvantage is that case studies cannot be replicated. The studies, being completely of reality, had high ecologic validity.To conclude, in terms of amnesia, it is evident that damage to a specific brain structure can have an effect of the cognitive aspects, which overall has an effect on behavior.

Healthy Living For Homeless Families Health And Social Care Essay

Chronic compl aints be the prima causes of decease and dis able-bodiedment nation-wide. Populations with economic and societal unfairnesss are immoderately affected by chronic unhealthiness, predominately fleshy and fleshiness. Statisticss have shown the incidence of all chronic diseases is higher for people in the two lowest-income groups than for those in the three upper-income groups ( 1 ) . Overweight and fleshiness are the major fleshs of mal fare in stateless households ( 2 ) and mortality rates of the homeless person in North America are at least 3-5 propagation greater than that seen in the general populations of Canada and the U.S ( 3 ) . Low income groups too engage in much high venture behaviours, much(prenominal) as coffin nail smoke, unhealthy diet, and inadequateness of physical activity, than groups with higher incomes ( 1 ) .Interventions concentrating on the primary bar of chronic disease utilizing physical activity and sustainment instruction in the low-i ncome population have been developed and reviewed in the yesteryear. These interventions proved to hold successful result steps within participants, including an addition of fruit and vegetable wasting disease, physical activity and healthy weight loss. There has been deficient committedness at the national, province and local degrees to implement policies and give support and resources to the enlargement of comprehensive primary preventive designs that deliver services to this alone population.Statement of ProblemThe intent of this survey is to find the effectivity of a community-based forage instruction and physical activity treatment plan to a low-income population. The intervention pass on be designed and facilitated by a Loma Linda University nutrition alumnus pupil. Workshops bequeath be implemented in traditional group Sessionss dwelling of one hr each hebdomad for five hebdomads. Participants are enrolled in the landlocked Temporary Homes plan in Loma Linda, Californ ia. Fundss for the plan provide be provided by the City of Loma Linda through the awarded California vigorous Cities grant.HypothesisWill the nutrition and tonestyle intercession plan have positive wellness results of participants harmonizing to evaluated schoolings from pre and put intercession study s and pre and institutionalise intercession trials?90 % of the participants result go to all five workshops.90 % of participants result reply more than inquiries indemnify on the post-test than on the comparable pretest.90 % of participants go forth accession fruit and vegetable ingestion compared to their pre-intervention study.90 % of participants will increase physical activity compared to their pre-intervention study.60 % of participants, harmonizing to pre and station study consequences, will travel up one phase of alteration from baseline towards the action stage as evaluated utilizing the Trans a priori Model.Null HypothesisThere will be no difference between the pr e and station intercession studies of the participants measuring the effectivity of the nutrition and physical activity intercession.Boundary linesBoundary lines of this survey include geographical location, cost measuring and the rating of one workshop. Participants are limited to those of the Inland Temporary Homes located in Loma Linda, CA. The consequences of this survey may non be generalized to some early(a) locations or income categories. Four sets of workshops are offered to participants each twelve month. This survey will merely include the consequences from one of the Sessionss.RestrictionsLanguage and literacy barriers may be restrictions of the survey. This survey will be limited by the self-reporting truth of the participants. Specifically, participants will be asked to supply randomness on statements of their somebodyal life style wonts, nutritional, physical activity degree. Any inaccuracy of these self-reports may impact the survey consequences. The research wor ker has no control over who attends the workshop and how many abodes will take part during the evaluated workshop.PremisesThe undermentioned premises are made a ) the participants self-report on the study is honorable, accurate, and complete.Operational DefinitionsInland Temporary Homes a non-profit organisation that provides lodging, rehabilitation, and ongoing support to homeless households throughout the Inland Empire.Transtheoretical Model Assesses an person s preparedness to move on a new healthier behaviour, and provides schemes, or procedures of alteration to steer the person through the phases of alteration to action and care.Chapter 2Literary ReviewPopulation BackgroundHomelessness is a quickly intensifying job in both rural and urban United States. Health jobs associated with homelessness documented throughout literature show that about 40 % of stateless persons are reported to hold some type of chronic disease ( 4 ) including increased rate of cardiovascular and infectiv e diseases ( 5 ) on with inordinate rates of substance ( baccy, alcoholic beverage and cocaine ) maltreatment ( 6 ) . Many of these instances, nevertheless, travel un-reported. In the United States, more than 50 % of the stateless deficiency wellness coverage ( 7 ) , doing diagnosing and intervention of their cardiovascular hazard factors even more ambitious. Overweight and fleshiness are the major signifiers of chronic disease and malnutrition in stateless households.Corpulent is defined as holding a BMI of 30 or greater and being morbidly corpulent is holding a BMI of over 40 ( 8 ) . Bing fleshy or corpulent is associated with many diseases and conditions such as coronary bosom disease, high blood pressure, shot, malignant neoplastic disease, increased cholesterin and triglycerides, sleep apnea and gynaecological jobs ( 8 ) .Dietary Habits of Low-Income PopulationHomeless people eat nutrient prepared, by municipal and charity shelters, drop-in centres, fast nutrient eating houses , 24-hour public convenience shops and from refuse bins ( 3 ) . Research suggests that because diets high in refined grains, added sugars, and added prolifics by and large cost less than helminthic diets composed of thin meats, whole grains and newfangled fruits and veggies, the low-income population has greater exposure to an unsanitary diet ( 9 ) . Calorie-dense, processed and nutritionally unequal nutrient points are easy accessible in low-income vicinities and more cost-efficient options to healthier nutrient picks. Devouring these nutrient points may lend to fleshy and fleshiness and lead to chronic disease in the low-income population. Datas on the nutritional consumption of stateless population is slightly limited. However, most surveies report a high prevalence of inadequate or unbalanced food, vitamin and mineral consumption puting the homeless at hazard for nutrition-related upsets and lending to the increased prevalence of ill controlled diabetes, high blood pressure and cholesterin ( 10 ) , all considerably established hazard factors for Cardiovascular disease. Luder et Al ( 11 ) revealed that stateless people s diets are frequently high in concentrated fats and cholesterin and inadequate in necessary foods, lending to adverse lipid profiles. Another survey of nutritionary position among a group of grownup stateless adult females found that recommended day-to-day allowances ( RDA s ) were normally exceeded for Na and saturated fats, both of which are independently associated with increased cardiovascular disease hazard ( 12 ) .Intervention Programs Targeting the Low-Income PopulationInterventions concentrating on bar of chronic disease with purposes to change physical activity and nutritionary wonts have been developed and reviewed in the yesteryear. Outcome footsteps for these plans have shown an addition of fruit and vegetable ingestion, physical activity and fat decrease ( 1 ) . Intervention plans targeted at low-income audiences with th e most successful results tend to be delivered in an synergistic ocular format, to be culturally appropriate, supply natty stuffs, administered in accessible primary attention scenes, and to give inducements to move on the information provided ( 1 ) .Nutrition intercession plans with successful results involved some signifier of nutrient readying and tasting ( 1 ) . The end of this attack was to turn to the 5 -A -Day message ( devouring 5 helpings of fruits and veggies per twenty-four hours ) with vibrant shows, while preparedness participants with an chance to savor and smell alimentary nutrient samples in a comfy acquisition environment. Educators besides demonstrated easy and cheap ways to organize and function veggies and fruit, and provided participants with promotional take-home stuffs such as formulas, booklets, spines and magnets ( 1 ) .A gulf between diet and wellness among low-income groups calls for nutrition intercessions that educate low-income households on cheap, healthful feeding and chronic disease bar in a structured environment. This literature reappraisal will assist set up the principle for readying and implementing a nutrition and lifestyle intercession plan aiming the homeless population. The intent of this reappraisal is to detect and compare assorted methods of plans developed for the aforesaid population to fail program and implement the intercession plan.Overview of Intervention ProgramsA figure of intercession schemes advancing primary bar and wellness have been intended to better the nutritionary position of the stateless population. Interventions ranged in a assortment of attacks from traditional group Sessionss taught by wellness professionals, peer-led workshops, one-on-one guidance and home-based telephone and mail intercessions to mul condemnationdia schemes and experiential activities such as nutrient presentations, educational picture and group exercisings ( 1 ) .One survey ( 13 ) implemented and evaluated an education al plan for female parents who resided in a homeless shelter. The aim was to better the nutritionary position of stateless kids ages 18 months to 6 old ages. Mothers cognition of nutrition was tested before and after plan engagement. Four lessons aiming the nutritionary demands of immature kids based on growing and development demands were designed and addressed by a registered dietician. Classs were offered over a nine moth compass point and each category lasted an hr. As an inducement to promote engagement, female parents who completed all four categories were given over bus base on ballss for one hebdomad, and their kids were given a healthy bite. Subjects for the four lessons were Benefits of Beverages, Building Strong Bones and Muscles, Healthy Meal Choices, and Nutritious Snack Ideas. Teaching stuffs, press releases, and category activities were developed in a low-literacy format. Teaching stuffs were visually appealing, with a assortment of colourss and images. Ocular pre sentations were use to demo the differences in fat and sugar in healthy and non-healthy nutrient points. Consequences of the intercession found that female parents significantly scored higher on each post-test than on the comparable pretest ( 14 ) .Theory of FrameworkThe bulk of intercessions incorporated theoretical theoretical accounts or were direct by theories. Such documented theories included the transtheoretical ( phases of alteration ) theoretical account, societal cognitive theory theoretical account, the societal ecological model, the community intercession theoretical account, and the wellness publicity manner ( 1 ) . These theories were tailored to the participants conceptual adulthood.The Transtheoretical Model ( TTM ) will be used as a model for the intercession. Participants may be in different phases of the TTM throughout the plan, and the plan will on each phase of alteration so that everyone participating may profit.Nutritional Counseling in InterventionMethods o f nutrition reding with behavioral dietetic guidance have proved good in increasing low-income grownups colossal term alterations in ingestion of fruit and veggies ( 14 ) . The faction of turn toing the importance of fruit and vegetable ingestion and its benefits to wellness with specific, individualized advice and short-run and long-run goal-setting proved to bring on alteration in this population. Steptoe et Al ( 14 ) compared brief nutrition reding with behavioural dietetic guidance in a primary attention puting. Each 15- minute audience was supported with indite information, and an overall mark was to increase the consumption of veggies and fruit from baseline degrees. The nutrition reding group received instruction about the importance of increasing the consumption of veggies and fruit, and the nutritionary benefits were emphasized. The behavioural group was given reding tailored to each individual s demands harmonizing to motivational preparedness, with personalized, spec ific advice and short-run and long-run end scene. Both methods of reding proven good in increasing low-income grownups ingestion of veggies and fruit.IncentivesIncentives were used in many intercessions to promote engagement and/or straight affect results. Incentives can be used to increase engagement and battle in the acquisition activities. Surveies have demonstrated that low-income populations may profit from inducements such as nutrient vouchers to better the affordability of veggies and fruit, and therefore increase ingestion ( 1 ) . These surveies provide grounds that authorities attempts should concentrate on taking the barriers of cost and handiness of healthy nutrients by turn toing societal and economic factors that will extenuate wellness unfairnesss.DrumheadThe reviewed literature provided positive results of step on ends of increasing nutritionary position and cognition of low-income participants. Nutrition intercessions aimed at low-income audiences tend to be deliver ed in an synergistic ocular format, are culturally appropriate, administered in accessible scenes, and give inducements to move on the information provided.Get the better ofing barriers refering to this population is of concern when planning this intercession plan. These barriers include low literacy, handiness, cognition and skill degree, and deficiency of clip and money. Experiential activities such as cooking presentations, group exercisings, and synergistic pictures have been used as schemes to turn to these barriers. Suggestions for polish of intercessions included kid attention for care-givers and convenient timing of categories, integrating motivational factors impacting female parents abilities to use wellness publicity, and turn toing other factors other than instruction, such as life style, that affect healthy behaviours.Chapter IIIMethodsThe intent of this survey is to measure the effectivity of a community-nutrition intercession plan for low-income occupants take leave -taking in the Inland Temporary Homes plan in Loma Linda, CA. Residence of Inland Temporary Homes will be take parting in a series of nutrition and lifestyle workshops. The plan is designed to increase the cognition of wellness and nutrition while advancing healthy life and feeding in a community of predominately low income households. Chapter III is an overview of the research participants, plan design and execution of the nutrition intercession. subject ParticipantsParticipants of the survey are limited to low-income grownups ( ages 18 and older ) who presently act in the Inland Temporary Homes ( ITH ) . Inland Temporary Homes is a non-profit organisation that provides lodging, rehabilitation, and ongoing support to homeless households throughout the Inland Empire ( 15 ) . Inland Temporary Homes is a nurturing place environment where households can emerge self-empowered with the cognition and tools to re-establish themselves in the community. Applications to inscribe in the plan are considered throughout the twelvemonth although immeasurable in the places is limited. Throughout their 60-90 twenty-four hours residence, it is required that each grownup complete certain plans. One of the plans is go toing the City of Loma Linda s series of nutrition workshops. affair in the Nutrition Workshop depends on when occupants enroll in the ITH plan and managers facilitate who attends the five hebdomad session of categories during the twelvemonth. Nutrition Workshops are offered four times a twelvemonth to suit for new enrollees and to do certain each occupant gets the chance to take part. Past workshops have accommodated anyplace from three to xv participants during a given session of categories. Once occupants of Inland Temporary Homes have been rehabilitated, they re-enter back into the work force with their households. Many of the participants find lodging in Loma Linda s North Central Neighborhood.Study DesignThe survey will be a formative rating research surv ey focused on run intoing the plan, behavioural and learning aims. Knowledge of nutrition and physical activity will be tested before and after engagement in the plan. Pre-and post-intervention studies will besides be filled out by participants. The intercession calls for a upper limit of 15 participants to go to a 60 minute seminar together one time per hebdomad for a sum of five hebdomads. Weekly seminars will be developed and facilitated by a current MPH/Nutrition pupil at Loma Linda University and tailored to increase consciousness and cognition of the importance of physical activity, increasing fruit and vegetable ingestion and schemes relevant to accomplishing a healthy diet and life style and cut downing chronic disease hazard.IncentivesA alimentary repast will be prepared for participants at each workshop. Free nutrient is a great inducement for participants to go to the workshop. Free kid attention during the workshop will besides be offered to those who have little kids an d cut down restrictions to go to. Participants will have a booklet consisting of reading stuff for each lesson program. Each hebdomad after the lesson, inquiries will be asked to the participants. If they answer the inquiries right, they will able to pick from a assortment of healthy nutrient options and awards. Participants will be able to maintain workshop stuff and booklets after go toing the fifth and think workshop. These inducements will heighten engagement within the population and attain attending throughout the full series of workshops.Meal EngagementA healthy and alimentary repast will be prepared for participants at the beginning of each workshop. Some repasts will include synergistic engagement from occupants. For illustration, a pizza crust along with shredded veggies will be premade and displayed and participants will be responsible to add veggies and low-fat cheese to their pizza. This battle of activity with the repasts will let participants to prosecute in merrimen t and healthy behaviours in a hands-on environment. Each formula prepared for category will be simple and easy to follow, low-cost and easy for participants to seek at their ain place with their households. Recipes for the highlighted repast will be given to each participant each hebdomad.Lesson PlansEach hebdomad a different subject will be cover. The subjects covered by hebdomad will be 1. Introduction to the Food Guide Pyramid, 2. Reading a Label, 3. How to Shop in a Grocery Store, 4. The Basics of planning and Snacking and 5. Why Should You Trouble oneself with Nutrition? Videos will besides be shown during category as synergistic acquisition tools. Group engagement and treatment will be encouraged each hebdomad. This will give participants the opportunity to inquire inquiries, talk with each other, job solve and be accompanied by a nutrition pupil who can help them with any barriers they may hold sing the subjects. After each session, participants will compose down short term and long term ends they would wishing to accomplish. The group atmosphere will promote participants to remain accountable of their ends.Data Collection and ProceduresMeasures and InterpretationPre and post trial and studies will be conducted to mensurate and get wind the effectivity of the intercession. The trials and studies will be administered in a manner so that the participant will remain anon. , but besides so the pre and station information can be compared on the same individual. Each set of studies and trials will hold a figure from 1 through 15 on the upper right manus corner. Each participant will randomly pick a set of documents and must retrieve the figure on their paper. only if the participant will cognize their figure. A piece of paper will be handed out so that participants can compose down their call in on the line matching to the figure they randomly picked. This paper will be kept in a safe topographic point in instance participants bury their figure. At so te rminal of the intercession, studies and trials will besides hold Numberss 1 through 15. Each participant will be asked to wee full out the study and trial inquiries from the paper with the same figure they had during the pre-survey and pre-test. This will let the participants to experience more comfy reacting to the inquiries without uncovering themselves to the pupil. It will besides let comparing ratings to be determined for each participant.Surveies will utilize simple footings and be easy to read. Surveys will give participants the ability to turn to what they would wish to larn from the category and how good the category was for them. This will let the pupil to turn to specific issues within the lessons. Participants will be able to measure how they matte up about the category anonymously with the manager of Inland Temporary Homes, and the information will be directed back to the pupil research worker.Surveies ( see vermiform process ) will besides inquire participants sing how frequently they visit fast nutrient constitutions, how many times they eat inside the place, soft drink and intoxicant ingestion, fruit, veggie, whole grain, dairy and meat ingestion, if they read nutrient labels, how many yearss per hebdomad they engage in physical activity and preparedness for alteration.The study will measure their phase of alteration in conformity to the Transtheoretical Model. Participant s phase will be measured at the beginning and at the terminal of the intercession utilizing two methods. Measured on a graduated table of one to ten ( one being least overconfident, 10 being most confident ) participants will be asked to mensurate their current preparedness to increase fruit and vegetable ingestion from baseline ingestion and their self-efficacy to accomplish this end. Participants will besides be asked to weigh the Pros and Cons of increasing fruit and vegetable ingestion. Precontemplation is the phase in which people are non meaning to take action in a six month period. In this phase, the Pros of fruit and vegetable ingestion far outweighs the Cons and self-efficacy tonss are low because they may be uninformed about the wellness benefits or held back by fiscal agencies or other grounds. Contemplation is the phase in which participants are meaning to alter in the following six months. In this phase, the Pros and Cons are more equal and self-efficacy mark may be mean. In the Preparation, Action and Maintenance phases, the Cons of fruit and vegetable ingestion outweigh the Pros and self-efficacy tonss are comparatively high ( 16 ) .The pre and station trials ( see appendix ) will inquire inquiries refering to the lesson programs throughout the five hebdomads. Trials will inquire consecutive forward inquiries and be of appropriate literacy degree. Test tonss will be measured to measure if cognition was gained as a consequence of the lesson programs.Ethical ConsiderationsThe IRB regulations and ordinances will be followed during the c lass of this survey. Participants will be informed that any information they provide in respects to studies and trials will be kept confidential and non attached to anything that will take to the designation of the person who provided the information. Information provided will non specifically place the supplier of information. The pupil research worker must be a Certified Food Worker in the county of San Bernardino in order to plug and manage nutrient decently for the workshops.ProtocolsThere will be no prejudice refering to the research worker sing the population, category treatments or results of the ratings. All information from participants will be kept confidential and merely accessible to the pupil research worker who will analysis the informations. Pre-and post-tests and studies will be graded and consequences will be implemented into SPSS by the pupil research worker.Data Measurement and AnalysisDatas from the studies will be entered into the SPSS plan and consequences eva luated. Pre and station trials will be graded manually by the pupil, and that information will be entered into SPSS for rating. To find the phase of alteration pre and station intercession, both the graduated table and list of pros and cons will be evaluated pre and station intercession by the pupil and entered into SBSS for comparing. The effectivity of the intercession will be determined by the consequences of the participants pre and station studies, trials, and rating of phase of alteration.BudgetThe City of Loma Linda with the fiscal assistance of the California Healthy Cities Grant aimed to better nutrition and the quality of life among the low income occupants of Inland Temporary Homes. The grant enables the City of Loma Linda to engage a pupil houseman from the Loma Linda give instruction of Public Health, Nutrition Department as the Nutrition and Wellness Educator. The financess will patronize the workshops for Inland Temporary Homes.Annual Cost of Workshop ( For 15 Partic ipants )Forces Cost-Student detain $ 1,000-Child Care $ 200Supplies-Prizes- $ 100-Folders $ 20-Printed Material $ 50Food & A Beverage $ 800Transportation system $ 100Facility $ 250Entire COST $ 2,520MentionsChaudhary N. Kreiger N. Nutrition and personal Activity Interventions for Low-Income Populations. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research. 2007 68201-206.Schwarz K, Garrett B, Hampsey J, Thompson D. High Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Homeless Baltimore Children and Their Health professionals A flee Study. MedGenMed. 2007 9 ( 1 ) 48.Jones C, Perera A, Chow M, Ho I, Nguyen J, Davachi S. Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among the Poor and Homeless-What We Know So Far. Current Cardiology Reviews. 2009 569-77.Plumb J. Homelessness attention, bar, and public policy. Ann intern Med. 1997 126973-975.Schanzer B, Dominguez B, Shrout PE, Caton CLM. Home-lessness, wellness position, and wellness attention usage. Am J Public Health. 2007 97464-469.Chau S, Chin M, Cha ng J, et Al. cancer hazard behaviours and testing rates among stateless grownups in Los Angeles County. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002 11431-438.Burt MR. Helping America s Homeless. Washington, DC Urban Institute Press 2001. ( Statistics in this brief are based on the 1996 National Survey of Homeless Assistance Providers and Clients, conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau 1996 ) .Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ( 2008, 2009 ) . Childhood Overweight.Retrieved January 13, 2010 from hypertext deepen protocol //www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnp a/obesity/childhood/index.htmDammann K, Smith C. Factors touch on Low-income Women s Food Choices and the Perceived Impact of Dietary Intake and Socioeconomic Status on Their Health and Weight. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2009 41 ( 4 ) 242-252.Strasser JA, Damrosch S, Gaines J. Nutrition and the homeless individual. J Commun Health Nursing. 1991 865-73.Luder E, Boey E, Buchalter B, Martinez-Weber C. Assessment of th e nutritionary position of urban homeless grownups. Public Health Rep. 1989 104451-457.Hu FB, Willett WC. Optimal diets for bar of coronary bosom disease. JAMA. 2002 2882569-2578.Yousey Y, Leake J, Wdowik M, Janken J. Education in a Homeless Shelter to Better the Nutrition of Young Children. Public Health Nursing. 2007 24 ( 3 ) 249-255Steptoe A, Perkins-Porras L, McKay C, Rink E, Hilton S, Cappuccio Fp. behavioural reding to increase ingestion of fruit and veggies in low income grownups randomized test. BMJ 2003 326885-861Inland Temporary Homes. Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.ithomes.org/ . Accessed February 13, 2010.Prochaska, J.O. , et Al. Detailed Overview of the Transtheoretical Model. Retrieved 11/06/09 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.uri.edu/research/cprc/TTM/detailedoverview.ht

Perks of Being a Wallflower

And all the books youve read have been read by early(a) people. And all the songs youve loved have been heard by other people. And that girl thats pretty to you is pretty to other people. And you make out that if you looked at these facts when you were happy, you would feel great because you are describing unity. (p. 96). The Perks of Being a Wallflower written by Stephen Chbosky was published by MTV books and Pocket Books on February 1st, 1999. Its classified as Young Adult, Contemporary Fiction and Epistolary novel. Epistolary novel is a novel written as a series of documents.Anne Frank is a type of Epistolary novel. Unlike Anne Frank, this one is written in form of letters, not a diary. In this novel you can see how Charlies life changes throughout his freshman year. How he deals with all the problems he faced, he faces, and hell face. In a unknown setting, the novel begins August 1991 with a teenage boy going by the alias Charlie, writing to an anonymous friend. I just need t o know that someone out there listens and understands and doesnt try to sleep with people even if they could have.I need to know that these people exist. (p. 2). He heard someone at shoal talking about this anonymous friend, and he thought it would be someone nice to talk to. He specifically asks this friend to not try to come his true identity. Charlie has begun his freshman year while his brother is at Pennsylvania State University and his sister is at her senior year. We learn that his best friend, and only friend, attached suicide before he started writing these letters, leaving Charlie alone in high school.His favorite person in the world, his auntie, also died when he was 7 years old. He states repeatedly that something bad happened to her, but he doesnt mention what, because it brings him to a bad place. After she died he doesnt remember his life for a year, and he had been different ever since. As he starts freshman year, he is an outcast, until he meets Sam and Patrick . They introduce him to an electric, open-minded, hard-partying life, and soon Charlie starts enjoying his life. And at that moment, I swear we were infinite. (p. 39).Experiences that Charlie and his family and friends go through and the topics explored throughout the novel include suicide, difficult/abusive relationships, drug use/smoking, sex, abortion, child abuse/trauma, the struggles of homosexuality, and the awkward times of adolescence, such as archetypal kisses and first girlfriends. Charlie is a troubled teenage boy. He is insecure and shy, because he just lost his best friend, and doesnt know to deal with school alone. Since the closing of his aunt, which he takes the blame, Despite everything my mom and doctor and dad have said to me about blame, I cant stop thinking what I know.And I know that my aunt Helen would still be alive today if she just bought me one present like everyone else. (p. 92), he has been different, sort of out of sync. Hes very sentimental, and he analyzes everything too much. Every tiny detail, is a big deal for him. He loves music and literature. His teacher gives him books to read and write bout, such as To Kill a Mocking Bird. His aunt molested him at the age of 7, but he never told anyone, because he loved so very much.

Facilitating the Project Lifecycle the Skills & Tools to Accelerate Progress for Project Managers, Facilitators, and Six Sigma Project Teams Essay

One of the most important aspects to put into consideration when taking up a bemuse is start adventure focussing. A see endangerment is an event / condition, which is changeable that, upon it occurrence brings either a positive or a negative impact on the discover. A positive bus should consider this as one of the ten knowledge argonas where competence is highly regarded. put on the line management is critical, especially to organizations working I multi- ensure environments and the maturity for luck is high. A wide range of risks is apparent when working in insures involving construction among other engine room work. These risks are mostly attributed to government policy, diversity in stakeholders aspirations and the challenges of adding multiple projects. For a ripe(p) risk management process, at that place must be a clear statement and understanding of roles and responsibilities, proper skills on technical analysis and the preponderating organizational factors should support the project. Project risk management involves identifying, assessing and prioritizing of risks and thereafter putting resources to use in order to fall, monitor and control those risks that could affect the project negatively and increase realizing of opportunities. This report wants to outline the knowledge acquired on management of risk in projects.Discussion All organizations personify for their own different purposes, and that of public engineering organizations in the construction individualized credit line, the purpose is to deliver a service, which brings a beneficial result in the public/ stakeholders interest. Decisions to pump resources into investments on capital infrastructure are prompted by requisites that are meant to enhance the effect of the major purpose. According to Flanagan and Norman (1993), the benefits of efficient risk management are evident especially in projects involving capital infrastructure because they are dynamic in nature a nd bring positive cost implications from the construction related decisions. Risk management should be taken as an intrinsic part of capital infrastructure investment decisions importantly because, as project ventures get much elaborate, the role of risk management is exemplified. In regard to this realization, some countries have enacted government policies on constructors emphasizing on the need to incorporate risk management in capital infrastructure schemes. Risk is therefore, in many occasions, viewed as a condition or event whose occurrence allow have adverse effects on the project and may hinder the attainment of watch marks. Hence, risk management relates decisions to such probable harmful effects. This philosophical approach to risk management enables the process to be low-down down into four fundamental sub-processes. These involve identification, analysis, response and monitoring. The former step of identification is the most critical step because it has the b iggest effect on decisions emanating from the process of risk management. Reviewing risk management, in his article, Williams (1995), notes that there is little structured work in publication about typical risks. According to Chapman (1998), as much as risk identification is critical on the risk assessment and response phases, very little empirical evidence is available at this early phase. The heavier task in risk management remains in the analysis and response to the risk, yet the reasoning stands that unless the risks are identified, they back endnot be analyzed and responded to. For most engineers, the need to have a pile out program is critical for it provides an umbrella under which all current projects fall so that an outcome can be delivered massively in general, and greater than the total sum of all others. A program is usually temporary, and flexible created to direct and oversee the implementation of a set of related projects and activities for the saving of benefi cial outcomes that relate to the organizations strategic objectives. Several projects are undertaken under this umbrella. This explicitly differentiates amid program management outcomes and project management outputs. However, there is a link between projects and strategy through the program. Risk management is becoming an increasingly important process due(p) to external pressures in existence. However, good risk management is seen as a critical attribute of organizational success in the field of engineering. The assumption that programs are merely indications of projects should cease to exist because many allow for tend to reflect program risk management to project risk management (Allan, 2008). Program management is a broad extension of the varied, yet related, projects. On projects, it is important to define one or more objective functions like capital expenditure and completion time to represent it to stride the probability of achieving the set targets. Risk management then goes on to model the projects objectives against the projects variables like costs and the quantity of inputs. These variables are usually uncertain as time goes on, therefrom the uncertainty of a hundred percent achievement of the objectives set. The most ideal situation would be identifying and characterizing the variables in advance providing that they will remain unchanged by time. This would make it easy to estimate the mathematical risks and the consequent variance of the projects objective(s). However, not all project variables can be identified as new variables might surface as the project goes on while the probability of occurrence of the initial variables may vary. The impacts of the initial variables, both positive and negative, may change too hence making risk management even more hard (Drummond, 1999). Certainty and uncertainty of realizing a projects objectives are measurable, only ideally. The possibility of a project not breaking even could be considered as a representative of the unscathed project, and then used in turn to evaluate against variable and try and reduce the risks involved as wellspring as become a foothold for decision-making. Some projects may proceed normally in a stable environment, hence making the uncertainty high at the time it is conceptualized. Pro-active planning and making prudent decisions will see the uncertainty reduce. However, uncertainty in complex projects within a changing environment will not necessarily reduce/ diminish as time goes by Chapman (1998). It is necessary to keep on checking on the projects variables and re-evaluating of the objective functions status to palliate adjustments in the projects strategies. Uncertainty surrounds many parts of a project hence early resolution of variables may not be possible endlessly. Variables change over time leading to exposure to new threats and risks along the way. This fact should not be refuted and a lot of work is required in the planning evalu ating phases, where most of the critical work is done. In spite of all the uncertainty and complexity surrounding risk management and project management, it is important to seek methods of improving the projects base value (Drummond, 1999). Conceptualization, planning, and implementation of a project is a complex process that requires management based on set strategic objectives, which vary from time to time. The objectives should be integrative and holistic in the sense that it caters for social, political, environmental, and community aspects. Traditionally, planning in project management should form the al-Qaeda of planning, alongside other functions of project management including human resource, time, scope, integration, quality and procurement. These should be the fundamental factors f consideration along each phase. A variety of lookout manbooks, protocols and codes of implement in the engineering field have been made available for use in risk management in project man agement. In the United Kingdom, the orange book is a framework that is set to offer guidance on basic risk management concepts and as a resource for development risk management processes and implementing them I the public sector. It is also aimed at using a risk based decision-making on investment. There have been many more publications and publications aimed at dictating hoe risk management should look like. These guidelines have offered a basis upon which projects are appraised and their investment viability tested. This has compound the process and shifted its reception and perception from project risk management to a risk management strategic level (Melton, 2011). In engineering and construction professions, program management and project management came to existence due to the changing procurement environment. In the United Kingdom, procurement of infrastructural assets was done in a sequential manner, which involved a clear differentiation in the project life cycle phas es. Currently there are three major procurement systems, that is prime contracting, Design and Build procurement and Private Finance Initiative. These methods were because of the need to adopt integrative and collaborative project delivery methods. The procurement systems have features like framework agreements, the use of specifications that are output based, and more importantly, emphasis on the lifelong value of the structures (Shehu and Akintoye, 2009). The office of Government Commerce has facilitated the change in construction procurement in the public sector too. The agencys main agenda is to ensure that policies are followed and enhancing promotion of the best performance practices. These systems ensure that the project undertaken are of high quality and are in regard to the set policies and guidelines. These sanctions in the public works and construction sector have acted as strategic risk management tools for they ensure quality assurance as well as proper quality manageme nt. Project management should incorporate the use of a strategy-based management approach. This will facilitate the integration of planning, risk management and decision-making hence ensuring real time real time realization of an optimum of the projects strategic objective against its variables. The projects promoters are not always the investors. Investors are not always actively involved in the management of the project, but invest resources into the project hoping to get dividends. The promoters objective, on the other hand, is to deliver a facility that will ensure a long term balanced and financially viable business entity. The project is therefore a compromise between the attainment of investors interests and that of the community. Project development should be based on a set of strategic objectives, which stamp the project as a business and entwining project decisions to strategic business decisions. Amid all risks, the project should be planned proactively with regards t o its variables and with a focus on the life cycle objective functions (Westland, 2007). The life cycle objective functions are functions such as financially related functions- such as the projects net worth, satisfaction of customers- those affected by aspects such as safety, project utility, operability, and quality, lastly, due diligence must be adhered to- that is, statutory concerns and policies should be observed especially when the project is located in highly populated areas or is adjacent or near ecological systems deemed to be sensitive (Janet & Tammy, 2005). This factor also goes hand in hand with the ethical code that is supposed to guide the execution of projects. Proactive planning of the project ensures that project uncertainty is minimized in real time. Effective risk management ensures that there is typical preparation of projects and their subsequent implementation using strategic objectives. It also ensures any further variables are assessed and managed accor dingly to optimize the projects strategic outcome, that which of a business entity. Since projects are subjected to changes in objectives and variables due to external factors, it is important to incorporate a continuous risk management process that involves continuous risk and uncertainty management process conducted in real time to bring value to the project manager. Strategies made from risk analysis should be seen as a basis upon which decisions are made going forward. Objectives of the life cycle should be used as the vessel for analysis.Reflective assessment Engaging in exhaustive personal explore and involvement of the same with groups has incapacitated adequately with sufficient knowledge on managing projects as an engineer. I have come to evolve from a mediocre project manager, thinking that technicalities were all I needed, to a project under-taker equipped with the relevant skills. Undertaking projects with my group and alone was not like undertaking them with my pro fessor. Comparing personal projects and those done in groups, with those guided by the professor, flaws are clear to point out. In my first group project, our then project leader, whose name I will not disclose for discretion purposes, was too impulsive at times and objectives were not achieved as expected because of poor decision-making, even on the most unadorned issues. The project resulted in high costs in execution unlike what had been anticipated and took longer. However, it is from the mistakes that my group and I learnt the importance of risk management in project management as an important tool to facilitate proactive planning, rather than responding to results. Another lesson learnt from that experience was the need to incorporate continuous analysis as a way of implementing risk management to ensure real time solutions. However, it is through solving these and other hurdles that the learning process in the field has been enhanced and increased my knowledge. The short yet detailed experience coupled with the many articles and critiques I have encountered have inspired me to get to want to explore more on the field by undertaking and managing more projects to experience more than I have. By initiating and overseeing projects as well as assuming responsibility for achievement of objectives and integration will boost my intuition and judgment on decision-making for future projects and for professional expertise. I know trying to venture into projects of high magnitude is a risk, but the ability to tackle the risk itself is way beyond the risk management of the process and a success would ultimately mean victory on both ends.ReferencesAllan, N., Davis, J., 2006. Strategic risks thinking about them differently. Proceedings of ICE 159Drummond H 1999. Are we any closer to the end Escalation and the case of Taurus? global daybook of Project ManagementFlanagan, R., & Norman, G. (1996). Risk management and construction. Oxford u.a., Blackwell Science.Means , J. A., & Adams, T. (2005). Facilitating the Project Lifecycle the Skills & Tools to Accelerate Progress for Project Managers, Facilitators, and Six Sigma Project Teams. Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons. http//www.123library.org/book_details/?id=9130.Melton, T. (2008). Real project planning developing a project delivery strategy. Amsterdam, Butterworth-Heinemann.Shehu, Z., Akintove, A., 2010. Major challenges to the successful implementation and practice of programme management in the construction environment a critical analysis. International journal of project managementWestland, J. (2007). The project management life cycle a complete step-by-step methodology for initiating, planning, executing & closing a project successfully.Williams, T., 1995. A classified bibliography of recent research relating to project risk management. European Journal of Operational ResearchSource document

Power and Control in Hawk Roosting Essay

contour GIn Shakespe bes play a man called Macbeth butchers the pansy to get his power. Ted Hughess rime sell Roosting is about a pitch who thinks he is muscular.GRADE FIn _Macbeth_ Shakespeare writes about Macbeth and maam Macbeth who have a plan to kill the king and take over. Hail, King thou shalt be. Ted Hughes writes about a deliver and how hefty he is My manners are tearing off heads.GRADE EShakespeare shows that doll Macbeth wants to be a powerful character because she wants to kill the king so that Macbeth butt become the new king You abide putt this nights great business into my dispatch.Ted Hughes also writes about power, but from the point of view of a hawk. We know that the hawk has a high opinion of itself I kill where I please because it is all mine.GRADE DThe account of power/ambition is explored in _Macbeth_ and Hawk Roosting. Shakespeare focuses on Lady Macbeths relationship with Macbeth. When Lady Macbeth learns about the witches prophecy that Macbeth exit become king, she hatches a plan to make it happen.Ted Hughes also writes about ambition because the hawk in the poem wants to be the better(p) Now I appreciation Creation in my foot. A difference between them is that the hawk is very confident about his own power, but Macbeth is tooloyal to the king to be able to reach his ambition. We depart proceed no further in this business. He hath honoured me of late. Lady Macbeth is more ambitious than her husband.GRADE CTed Hughess poem Hawk Roosting shows the world as seen from a hawks point of view. The hawk expects very determined and powerful. Shakespeare also presents the theme of power and determination, but the difference is that he presents is with a husband and wife who plot to murder the king and take his crown. The hawk also has thoughts of murder in sleep rehearse perfect kills. The word rehearse suggests that the hawk enjoys killing, and practises to make himself perfect even when asleep. This also suggests that he is high-flown of himself. Similarly, in _Macbeth_ Lady Macbeth is noble-minded of her ambitious nature O never/Shall sun that morrow see. She has murderous thoughts and she will kill the king that night.GRADE B_Macbeth_ and Hawk Roosting both seem to be about power and ambition. In Hawk Roosting the speaker is a hawk who describes his view of the world The earths face upward for my inspection. This moving picture suggests how the hawk is very confident that the world is there to suit his needs. It is in the form of a statement, which adds to the feelings of the hawks confidence.Lady Macbeth is also very powerful at the beginning of the play. She wants Macbeth to entertain the guests while she prepares to kill King Duncan. When hatching the plan, she says to her husband, Leave all the rest to me. This implies that she feels that she is more capable to commit the crime than Macbeth. The sense of hearing will see her as more ambitious at this point.GRADE AAlthough _Macbeth_ and Ha wk Roosting differ in form, there are distinct links that can be drawn between them. They both strike power and ambitionand how a characters persona is formed by their self-belief, and what they are wide-awake to do to achieve their aims. In both texts we are given an insight into the characters innermost thoughts. In Hawk Roosting, because the poem is written in the first person, in the form of a spectacular monologue, we gain a great insight into the speakers confidence. The hawk starkly portrays how he feels that the world is there for his gizmo. He arrogantly describes how the airs archness and suns ray are of advantage to him.Similarly, Lady Macbeth initially believes that the crown is her right, and shows her desire for achieving it contract my milk for gall, you murdring ministers. The fact that she is calling on spirits to give her the strength to act implies that she will stop at nothing to achieve her aim. An reference may view this as a shocking, sinfulness and rut hlessly ambitious act.GRADE A*_Macbeth_ and Hawk Roosting share some common foothold in that they are concerned with the unpleasant side of power and ambition. The main characters in both texts appear to be overly confident and assured. Hawk Roosting is a dramatic monologue spoken by a non-human voice, a hawk. We are provided with a series of images which depict the hawks arrogance and pride. Indeed. The hawk is have with transcendence It took the whole of Creation/To produce my foot, my each feather. The hawk is seemingly bragging and delighting in how magnificent it appears.This can be directly compared to Lady Macbeth. The expressive style she belittles her husband, referring to him as afeard and a coward reveals her merciless ambition to become queen. She, like the hawk, feels that she deserves to be great, and wants her husband to share the power he calls her My dearest collaborator of greatness. study _MACBETH_ AND _HAWK ROOSTING_ SAMPLE ANSWERS (THEME = POWER AND AMBITI ON)1. Although _Macbeth_ and Hawk Roosting differ in form, there are distinct links that can be drawn between them. They both concern power and ambition and how a characters persona is formed by their self-belief, and what they are prepared to do to achieve their aims. In both texts we are given an insight into the characters innermost thoughts. In Hawk Roosting, because the poem is written in the first person, in the form of a dramatic monologue, we gain a great insight into the speakers confidence. The hawk starkly portrays how he feels that the world is there for his convenience. He arrogantly describes how the airs buoyancy and suns ray are of advantage to him.Similarly, Lady Macbeth initially believes that the crown is her right, and shows her desire for achieving it Take my milk for gall, you murdring ministers. The fact that she is calling on spirits to give her the strength to act implies that she will stop at nothing to achieve her aim. An audience may view this as a shocki ng, evil and ruthlessly ambitious act.2. The theme of power/ambition is explored in _Macbeth_ and Hawk Roosting. Shakespeare focuses on Lady Macbeths relationship with Macbeth. When Lady Macbeth learns about the witches prophecy that Macbeth will become king, she hatches a plan to make it happen.Ted Hughes also writes about ambition because the hawk in the poem wants to be the best Now I hold Creation in my foot. A difference between them is that the hawk is very confident about his own power, but Macbeth is too loyal to the king to be able to reach his ambition We will proceed no further in this business. He hath honoured me of late. Lady Macbeth is more ambitious than her husband.3. _Macbeth_ and Hawk Roosting both seem to be about power and ambition. In Hawk Roosting the speaker is a hawk who describes his view of the world The earths face upward for my inspection. This image suggests how the hawk is very confident that the world is there to suit his needs. It is in the form of a statement, which adds to the feelings of the hawks confidence.Lady Macbeth is also very powerful at the beginning of the play. She wants Macbeth to entertain the guests while she prepares to kill King Duncan. When hatching the plan, she says to her husband, Leave all the rest to me. This implies that she feels that she is more capable to commit the crime than Macbeth. The audience will see her as more ambitious at this point.4. Shakespeare shows that Lady Macbeth wants to be a powerful character because she wants to kill the king so that Macbeth can become the new king You can putt this nights great business into my dispatch.Ted Hughes also writes about power, but from the point of view of a hawk. We know that the hawk has a high opinion of itself I kill where I please because it is all mine.5. _Macbeth_ and Hawk Roosting share some common ground in that they are concerned with the unpleasant side of power and ambition. The main characters in both texts appear to be overly confiden t and assured. Hawk Roosting is a dramatic monologue spoken by a non-human voice, a hawk. We are provided with a series of images which depict the hawks arrogance and pride. Indeed. The hawk is brimming with superiority It took the whole of Creation/To produce my foot, my each feather. The hawk is seemingly bragging and delighting in how magnificent it appears.This can be directly compared to Lady Macbeth. The way she belittles her husband, referring to him as afeard and a coward reveals her merciless ambition to become queen. She, like the hawk, feels that she deserves to be great, and wants her husband to share the power he calls her My dearest partner of greatness.6. In _Macbeth_ Shakespeare writes about Macbeth and Lady Macbeth who have a plan to kill the king and take over. Hail, King thou shalt be. Ted Hughes writes about a hawk and how powerful he is My manners are tearing off heads.7. In Shakespeares play a man called Macbeth kills the king to get hispower. Ted Hughess poem Hawk Roosting is about a hawk who thinks he is powerful.8. Ted Hughess poem Hawk Roosting shows the world as seen from a hawks point of view. The hawk seems very determined and powerful. Shakespeare also presents the theme of power and determination, but the difference is that he presents is with a husband and wife who plot to murder the king and take his crown. The hawk also has thoughts of murder in sleep rehearse perfect kills. The word rehearse suggests that the hawk enjoys killing, and practises to make himself perfect even when asleep. This also suggests that he is proud of himself. Similarly, in _Macbeth_ Lady Macbeth is proud of her ambitious nature O never/Shall sun that morrow see. She has murderous thoughts and she will kill the king that night.

Comparative Literature Translation St Essay

452? F 132 Abstract The cogitate between Com comp argonative Literature and adaptation creates a new reading manakin that ch bothenges the classic fire path to rendering, and allows the widening of the scope of the translated school text. This paper explores this descent with the analysis of 2 versions of Charles Baudelaires Les ? eurs du mal create in Argentina during the 20th century, stressing the nature of commentary as an act of revising. Keywords proportional literature displacement reaction write Charles Baudelaire 133 Comparative literature and displacement reaction 2 Argentinean versions of the Baudelairean quick temper Santiago Venturini452? F. 04 (2011).131-141. 0. Comparative literature and translation a reading framework There be at least two ways to biteceive the striking between comparative literature and translation studies. Exchanging the terms in the framework of an inclusion relationship, it is accomplishable to realize two antitheti caliated series of questions and to assign different scopes to the linkup.This exchange appears basically related to the two possible answers to the question ab pop pop the limits of these even ups, that argon traditionally linked so, it is possible to consider translation studies as mavin of the traditional argonas of comparatism (Gramuglio, 2006) or to support, as Susan Bassnett did more(prenominal) than a decade ago (1993), the need for a regression to happen similar to the superstar Roland Barthes established between semiology and linguistics, to make translation studies stop constituting a minor ? eld of comparative literature in put up to be the major crystalise that shelters it (solution with which Bassnett tried to put an end to what he de? ned as the un? nished long debate on the status of the discipline of comparative literature, empowered by the criticism blow that Rene Wellek gave to the discipline in 1958)1.Beyond this ambiguity, what is important to punctuate is the existence of this consoli sterilize windd link between two disciplines, or I should rather say, between the discipline of comparative literature(s) and the phenomenon of translation which, on the other hand, de? ned itself as the object of a speci? c discipline exactly some decades ago. In this sense, there is a spontaneous way of opineing closely the link between comparative literature and translation the one that de? nes translation as an event and a interchange trust for comparatism, since it locates itself at the meeting point of different languages, literaturesand cultures.From this point of view, translation is the activity which is synthetic par excellence, the one that operates at the very intersection of languages and poetics, and the one that makes possible, because of its ful? lment, the ful? lment of other analytic approaches to the texts relating to each other. Nevertheless, this has non ever been this way. In an article devoted to the vicissitudes of th is link, Andre Lefevere pointed out that, in the beginning, comparative literature had to face a fork-like competence the study of unmixed literatures and the study of national literatures,and that it chose to sacri? ce ranslation on the altar of academic respectability, as it was de? ned at the moment of its origin2.And, although translation became necessary for the discipline, it hardly tried to move beyond the equivalence between European literatures, all the translations were made, criticized and judged, adopting the inde? nable parameter of accuracy, that corresponds to the use made of translation in education, of classical literatures as well as of NOTES 1 Bassnett asserts that The ? eld of comparative literature has always claimed the studies on translation as a sub? eld, but at once, when thelast ones are establishing themselves, for their part, ?rmly as a discipline found on the intercultural study, offering as well a methodology of a certain rigor, both(prenominal) in connection with the theoretical work and with the descriptive one, the moment has come in which comparative literature has non such an appearance to be a discipline on its own, but rather to constitute a branch of something else (Bassnett, 1998 101).2 In rule to establish the right to its own academic territory, comparative literature abdicated the study of what it should impart been, precisely, an important part of its effort(Lefevere, 1995 3). 134 Comparative literature and translation two Argentinean versions of the Baudelairean irascibility Santiago Venturini 452? F. 04 (2011) 131-141. national literatures (Lefevere, 1995 4). The critical thinking of the XXth century conferred translation the transcendence it had not had historically and postulated it as a clearly- de? ned object of study.Although this emancipation was achieved already in the second half of the century, it is clear that there are of import contemporary texts about practices old to this expiration. In this sense, the preface by Walter Benjamin to his German translationof the Tableaux Parisiens by Charles Baudelaire, entitled The Task of the Translator (1923), constitutes an unavoidable contribution that, nevertheless, has not always been appraised. A chaw has been said on this text lets remind the readings, canonical, by Paul De Man (1983) and by Jacques Derrida (1985), whose formulations were decisive for a conceptualization of translation the way it was presented some decades later by post-structuralism. Lets recover, at least, one of the ideas that organize this document No translation would be possible if its supreme breathing in would be similarity with the genuine.Because in its survival that should not be called this way unless it means the evolution and the renovation all living things have to go through the veritable is modi? ed (Benjamin, 2007 81). Through this proposition, that can reckon obvious to the contemporary reader, Benjamin emphasizes, in the twenties, t he inevitable inventive nature of any translation and destroys the vagary of the translated text as a copy or a reproduction of the original, although without attacking the dichotomical pair original/translation, distinction that Benjamin pull up stakes never renounce nor devote some questions to (Derrida, 1985).A renunciation that will be carried out, as Lawrence Venuti points out, by the poststructuralist thought especially deconstruction,that again raised the question in a radical way of the traditional topics of the theory of translation through the dismantling of the hierarchical relationship between the original and the translation through notions such as text. In the poststructuralist thought original and translation become equals, they hold the same heterogeneous and unstable nature of any text, and they organize themselves from several(prenominal) linguistic and cultural materials that destabilize the work of signi?cation (Venuti, 1992 7).From this acknowledgment, we reco ver a synthetic Derridean formula There is zip fastener else but original text (1997 533). Thus, translation stopped being an operation of transcription in order to be an operation of productive writing, of re-writing in which what is written is not anymore the weight of the foreign text as a monumental structure, but a representation of this text that is, an invention. It is not anymore a question of transferring a linguistic and cultural con? guration to another(prenominal) one a stable heart as happens with the platonic and positivist conceptions of the sum that, fit in to Maria Tymoczko, are still operating in the education and 135 Comparative literature and translation two Argentinean versions of the Baudelairean spleen Santiago Venturini 452?F. 04 (2011) 131-141. training of translators in the West (Tymoczko, 2008 287-288), but a practice of creation that writes a reading, an ideological practice accomplished not only by the translator that becomes now an active agent and not a mere passer-by of sense (Meschonnic, 2007), but by a whole machinery of importation that covers outlines, comments, preliminary studies, criticism, etc., and in which a variety of ? gures are involved. In these new coordinates, translation can be de? ned as a practice that is manipulative, if it models an image of the authors and of the foreign texts from patterns of their own Translation is, of course, a rewriting of an original text.Any rewriting, whatsoever its intention, re? ects a event ideology and particular poetics, and as such, they manipulate literature in order to make it work in a particular society, in a particular way (Lefevere and Bassnett in Gentlzer, 1993 IX). This quote reproduces the already famous assertion by Theo HermansFrom the point of view of the target literature, any translation implies a degree of manipulation of the source text with a particular purpose. Besides, translation represents a crucial example of what happens in the relationship between different linguistic, literary and cultural codes (1985 11-12). To assume the status that we have just conferred to translation implies to re-shape the link between this later and comparative literature.Because when it stops being de? ned in the constraining terms of mediation or transfer of the stable meaning of an original text, and when it attains the autonomy of an act of rewriting of anothertext according to an ideology, a series of aesthetic guidelines and of representations on otherness, translation gives up its eccentric of instrumental practice and appears as the privileged practice that condenses a rank of questions and problematic issues related to the articulations greater than what is national and transnational, vernacular and foreign. Translation becomes the event related to contrastive linguistics par excellence the tonality practice of what Nicolas Rosa calls the comparative semiosisLa relacion entre lo nacional y lo transnacional, y la implicacion subversivaentr e lo local y lo planetary pasa por un contacto de lenguas, y por ende, por el fenomeno de la traduccion en genus Sus formas de transliteracion, transcripcion y reformulacion de lenguas y estilos. La traduccion, en todas sus formas, de signo a signo, de las relaciones inter-signos, o de universo de discurso a universo de discurso es el fenomeno mas relevante de lo que podriamos llamar una semiosis comparativa (Rosa, 2006 60-61).1. Two Argentinean versions of the spleen by Baudelaire Once the approach to translation that we favour in this work is speci? ed, what we intend now is to re? ect on the particular brass of136 Comparative literature and translation two Argentinean versions of the Baudelairean spleen Santiago Venturini 452? F. 04 (2011) 131-141. the Argentinean translations of Les ? eurs du mal (1857) by Charles Baudelaire. We will think on two comprehensive translations of Les ?eurs du mal, and two very different publications the one that can be de? ned as the inaugural t ranslation of Baudelaire in Argentina, carried out by the egg-producing(prenominal) poet Nydia Lamarque published by the publishing raise Losada in 1948 and reprinted numerous times to date, and the one signed by Americo Cristofalo for the ColihueClasica collection from the publishing foretoken Colihue, published originally in 2006, and that appears as the last link of the chain of Argentinean translations.The difference between the date of publication of the translation by Nydia Lamarque belated, if we take into account that a ? rst translation to Spanish, incomplete, came out in 19053 and the one by Americo Cristofalo, reports the currency of the name of Charles Baudelaire along the lines of translations of cut song in Argentina name that, following to the names of Stephane Mallarme and Arthur Rimbaud the founder triad of modern French poetry survives through differentdecades4. What interests us now is to try out a cross-reading of the poems by Baudelaire and the rewritings by Nydia Lamarque and Americo Cristofalo.We will not use the semblance according to the frequent use that has been given to it in the study of translations, that is, as a method to reveal a collection of translation strategies implemented in each case with the purpose of identifying diversions with regard to the original. As Andre Lefevere has pointed out, to think about a new relationship between comparative literature and translation implies to set excursus the approach with regulations, the one that pretends todifferentiate between good translations and bad translations, to concentrate on other questions, such as the search of the reasons that make some translations having been or being very in? uential in the maturement of certain cultures and literatures (Lefevere, 1995 9).In this sense, what we intend is to read the sequence of these texts, with the purpose of demonstrating dissimilar ways of articulation with the Baudelairean poetics, two rewritings that take shape as dif ferent forms of literary writing in which the vernacular and the foreign are linked, and that are backed up by an ideology.In order to do this, we are going to con? ne our analysis to one of the poems entitled short temper that is included in one of the ? ve sections that structure Les ? eurs du mal Spleen and ideal. Walter Benjamin pointed out that the Baudelairean spleen shows life experience in its nakedness. The melancholic sees with terror that the earth relapses into a merely natural state. It does not exhale any halo of prehistory. Nor any aura (1999 160). In this sense, the spleen marks the death of the character of idealism either of enlightened or NOTES 3 We are talking about the translation by the Spaniard.Eduardo Marquina, a version marked by modernist aesthetic conventions. As Antonio Bueno Garcia has pointed out, the translation of the works by Charles Baudelaire in Spain is a fact that takes place belatedly, not due to ignorance of the writers of that period for w hom Baudelaire was a recognized in? uence but for the censorship problems of the second half of the XIXth century. Garcia gets even to sustain that, over and above the translation by Marquina at the beginning of the XXth century and two more versions published in the forties, the restoration of Baudelaires spirit and therefore of his worksdoes not take place until afterwards the Second World War, and in Spain until well into the seventies (Bueno Garcia, 1995).4 Besides the two translations that we tackle in this work, we can take again the prose translation of Las ? ores del mal signed by Ulises Petit de Murat (1961) and the bearing of Baudelaire in anthologies like Poetas franceses contemporaneos (Ediciones Buenos Aires Librerias Fausto, 1974) or Poesia francesa del siglo XIX Baudelaire, Mallarme, Rimbaud (Buenos Aires Centro Editor de America Latina, 1978), both of them prepared by the poet Raul Gustavo Aguirre. 137Comparative literature and translation two Argentinean versions of the Baudelairean spleen Santiago Venturini 452? F. 04 (2011) 131-141. lyrical and romantic education (Cristofalo in Baudelaire, 2005 15), and exposes him to emptiness. In the framework of Baudelairean poetics, ideal and spleen appear as two determine which ubiquity has a profound impact both on the sphere of an ideology of poetry, and on the verbalization and the textual organization as long as both have a clear linguistic scope Sometimes he believes, and sometimes he does not sometimes he rises with the ideal, and sometimes hefalls to piec es into the spleen It is easy to observe the poems that come from these two turnaround perspectives (Balakian, 1967 50). In the chain of the poem, ideal and spleen mark, respectively, the victory of what Bonnefoy calls poetic alchemy, of its dynamics, of its operation, but withal the crusade of its withdrawal or its retreat, the contradiction of the poetic rhetoric with what is perceived further away it is the meeting of poetry with not hingness, that happens, nevertheless, inside the corroborated possibility of the poem there is no material failure of poetry in Baudelaire.De Campos pointsout that el rasgo estilisticamente revolucionario de esos poemas estaria en el dispositivo de choque engendrado por el uso de la palabra prosaica y urbana en ? n, por el desenmascaramiento critico que senala la sensacion de modernidad como perdida de la aureola del poeta, disolucion del aura en la vivencia del choque (De Campos, 2000 36). So, the usual lyrical vocabulary faces up to unusual allegorical quotes, which ignite in the text in the style of an act of violence (2000 36). Ideal and spleen mark the comparison of the consonant and the dissonance, of the romantic poetical rhetoric, of its power ofevocation and transcendence, with a more austere rhetoric, of prosaic nature, that undermines the poetization through the imposition in the text of another movement, negative (the negative is read in terms of the contesting of a co nsolidated representation of the poetic). A ? rst reading of the translations by Nydia Lamarque and Americo Cristofalo makes it possible to observe that we are talking about writings ruled by two completely different poetic rhetorics5, which in the translation framework are based on a combination of decisions that determine the rewriting of the source-language text.Theserhetorics are assumed and give tongue to explicitly by each of the translators in this paratextual mechanism that is relevant to any translation, set up in order to justify what has been carried out, to try and specify its exact sense, to protect it the introduction. So, in her introduction, Nydia Lamarque, in order to beg off her actions, turns to two masters Holderlin and Chateaubriand. From the second one translator of Paradise Lost by Milton into French, the female translator extracts her translation methodology, that she summarizes in one precise formulaTo trace Baudelaires poems NOTES 5 As Noe Jitrik points out, thepoem is a place, a material support on which certain operations are carried out that are governed by rhetoric, in both a limited sense of rhetoric strict rules and conventions as in a wide sense the obedience to or the subversion to the rules and even pretentions or attempts of non-rhetoric, which order, operatively speaking, is, nevertheless, the identi? cation of a text as a poem (Jitrik, 2008 63). 138 Comparative literature and translation two Argentinean versions of the Baudelairean spleen Santiago Venturini 452? F. 04 (2011) 131-141. on a glass (in Baudelaire, 1947 39), which implies the search foran isomorphism between the original and the translation, the lexical, syntactic, metric isomorphism. more than a half century later, after the pioneering translation by Lamarque, Americo Cristofalo builds an academic reading and develops more multiplex hypotheses. He maintains that his translation is built up on the basis of two conjectures the ? rst one, that metrics and r hyme are not strictly bearers of sense (Cristofalo in Baudelaire, 2006 XXVI) and the second one, the exposition of the double con? ict about the Baudelairean rhythms Del lado del Ideal la retorica poetizante, los mecanismos prosodicos, ladesustanciacion adjetiva, los hechizos de la lirica.Del lado del Spleen tension hacia la prosa, aliento sustantivo, una corriente baja, material, de choque critico (2006 XXVII). Taking into account these positions, we can get back the ? rst verses of one of the poems of Spleen to know what we are talking about 1. Jai summing up de souvenirs que si javais mille ans. 2. Un gros meuble a tiroirs encombre de bilans, 3. De vers, de billets doux, de proces, de romances, 4. Avec de lourds cheveux roules dans des quittances, 5. Cache moins de secrets que mon triste cerveau. 6. Cest un pyramide, un immense caveau, 7.qui contient plus de morts que la fosse commune. (Charles Baudelaire) 1. Yo tengo mas recuerdos que si tuviera mil anos. 2. Un arcon atestado d e papeles extranos, 3. de cartas de amor, versos, procesos y romances, 4. con pesados cabellos envueltos en balances, 5. menos secretos guarda que mi triste cabeza.6. Es como una piramide, como una enorme huesa, 7. con mas muertos que la comun fosa apetece. (Nydia Lamarque) 139 Comparative literature and translation two Argentinean versions of the Baudelairean spleen Santiago Venturini 452? F. 04 (2011) 131-141. 1. Tengo mas recuerdos que si hubiera vivido mil anos. 2.Un gran mueble con cajones llenos de cuentas, 3. versos, cartitas de amor, procesos, romances, 4. sucios pelos enredados en recibos, 5. guarda menos secretos que mi triste cabeza. 6. Es una piramide, una sepultura inmensa 7. que contiene mas muertos que una fosa comun. (Americo Cristofalo) The comparison allows us to notice the distinctive characteristics of each translation. In the case of Lamarque, the metrical imperative is conditional on all the other choices and has a direct impact on the intelligibility of the v erses. The syntax gets more complicated hyperbatons predominate, the organization of the sense of the verseis compromised, new lexemes are added and some are suppressed in order to hold the rhyme patterns. We are not trying to cast a shadow on this translation to which we have to admit its statute of inaugural work, but we are interested in showing its contradiction, since the translation by Lamarque ends up obtaining quite the opposite of what he enunciated as his mandate Each word has to be respected and reproduced as things that do not belong to us (Lamarque in Baudelaire, 1947 39).As far as he is concerned, Americo Cristofalo, who in the introduction to his translation goes through the previous versions among them isthe translation by Lamarque6, gives up the rhyme, which allows him to carry out a work of rewriting closer to the French text the verses are, syntactically, less complex than those in Lamarque version, clearer. Cristofalo builds a poem governed by another rhetoric, stripped of all those processes of poetization that appear in the translation by Lamarque, although someone could wonder if the elimination of rhyme in his translation does not imply, partly, the loss of this tension between ideal and spleen that characterizes Baudelairean poetics.But in order to instruct what Lamarque and Cristofalo do with theBaudelairean spleen (tedium, for Cristofalo weariness, for Lamarque), it is enough to concentrate on only one of the afore listed verses, the fourth one, which we mention now isolated Avec de lourds cheveux roules dans des quittances (Baudelaire) con pesados cabellos envueltos en balances (Lamarque) sucios pelos enredados en recibos (Cristofalo) A metonymic verse that with its token(prenominal) length shows the best of each translation.The lexical selection displays two completely different records Lamarque produces a more solemn verse, leant NOTES 6 Cristofalo maintains that the translation by Nydia Lamarque resembles the oneby Eduardo Ma rquina, whom she condemns Lamarque bitterly complains about the unfaithfulness of Marquina, who chooses bilaterally symmetric poetic measures otherwise he thinks he would not respect the original, she says she maintains the prosody, the rhyme, she says she is scrupulous about the adjectivation.However, the put together of pomp, of conceit and affectation in the tone is the same, the same dominion of procedures of poetization, and of confused articulation of a meaning (Cristofalo in Baudelaire, 2006 XXV). 140 Comparative literature and translation two Argentinean versions of the Baudelairean spleen Santiago Venturini452? F. 04 (2011) 131-141. on a delicate, subtle image, a verse with a modernist ? avour (heavy hair wrapped in accounts) whereas Cristofalo destroys any effect of poeticity in this direction.He simpli? es the lexical selection (dirty hairs instead of heavy hair) and he builds a harsher image, in a realist style. Both translations strengthen the Baudelairean image, bu t in opposite directions Lamarque leads it towards a lyrical intensity, Cristofalo makes it more prosaic.There are other questions that can be appreciated in the cross-reading of these poems, for example the presence of a repeated pattern in theversion by Lamarque, boudoir, (that Cristofalo translates as tocador or dressing table), which expresses a whole attitude towards the foreign language we see the same contrast in the lexical choices, that away from being bound to the aesthetic reconstruction of the poem, marks re-elaborations that are different from the Baudelairean images, as in the case of this verse un granit entoure dune vague epouvante (Baudelaire) una granito rodeado de un espanto inconsciente (Lamarque) una piedra rodeada por una ola de espanto (Cristofalo) Here, Nydia Lamarque and Americo Cristofalo carry out a grammaticalreading that is different from the alliance vague epouvanteLamarque inclines herself towards an abstract image (she interprets vague as an adjectiv e of epouvante), whereas the image on which Cristofalo bases himself has something of a maritime snapshot (he interprets vague as a noun wave), it is more referential. 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