Childbirth In Ethnic And Cultural Groups Essay

Discuss disparities related to ethnic and cultural groups relative to low birth weight infants and preterm births. Describe the impact of extremely low birth weight babies on the family and on the community (short-term and long-term, including economic considerations, on-going care considerations, and comorbidities associated with prematurity). Identify at least (1) support service within your community for preterm infants and their family. Provide the link for your colleagues to view. Does the service adequately address needs of this population? Explain your answer. Babies who weigh 5.5 pounds (2500grams) or less at birth are low babies with low birth weight. Babies weighing 3.3 pounds (1500 grams) or less are Very low birth weight babies. According to World Health Organization â€Å"The 30 million low-birth-weight babies born annually (23.8% of all births) often face severe short- and long-term health consequences. Low birth weight is a major determinant of mortality, morbidity and disability in infancy and childhood and also has a long-term impact on health outcomes in adult life. Low birth weight also results in substantial costs to the health sector and imposes a significant burden on society as a whole† (WHO, 2014). The infants born to non-Hispanic Black women, 3.0 percent were very low birth weight in 2008, compared to 1.2 percent of infants born to non- Hispanic White, Hispanic, and Asian/Pacific Islander women and 1.3 percent of American Indian/Alaska Native women. The rate of infant mortality (death in the first year) has fallen steadily for both blacks and whites over the past twenty-five years. In 1980, 18 out of 1,000 black singleton babies did not live to their first birthday; by 2000 that figure had fallen to 12 out of 1,000. For white babies the comparable rates were 9 out of 1,000 in 1980 and 5 out of 1,000 in 2000(Reichman, 2005).The majority of costs accrue in the first year of life and costs for rehospitalization are higher than outpatient costs. Most relevant cost components after the neonatal period are expenses for re-hospitalization, outpatient visits, pharmaceuticals, medical aids and nonmedical costs for education, travelling, accommodation, child care as well as indirect costs (mainly parental time and/or wage losses) (Hodek, Schulenburg and Mittendorf, 2011). The local or federal government ought to provide financial assistance to the families while they  are taking care of them. The Alta Bates Summit Medical Center is the local resource I found that provides information about what is premature birth, delivery of you premature infant, what to expect when you have an extremely premature infant and symptoms of the premature baby. http://www.altabatessummit.org/nicuedu/preemie.html Reference World Health Organization, 2014 Nutrition, Feto-maternal nutrition and low birth weight. Retrieved on November 25, 2014 from http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/feto_maternal/en/ Reichman N. 2005. Low Birth Weight and School Readiness Retrieved on November 25, 2014 from http://futureofchildren.org/publications/journals/article/index.xml?journalid=38&articleid=118 §ion id=774 Hodek J., Schulenburg J., Mittendorf T., 2011 Measuring economic consequences of preterm birth Methodological recommendations for the evaluation of personal burden on children and their caregivers Retrieved on November 26, 2014 from http://www.healtheconomicsreview.com/content/1/1/6

2 Theories of Ageing Essays

2 Theories of Ageing Essays 2 Theories of Ageing Essay 2 Theories of Ageing Essay Explain two theories of ageing. Ageing is the accumulation of changes in a person over time. Ageing in humans refers to a multidimensional process of physical, psychological, and social change. Some dimensions of ageing grow and expand over time, while others decline. The ageing process is inevitable and expected to every person as we grow old. There are different theories of ageing and fall into two types that was developed in order to further understand and described how we age.The first type, social and psychological aspect states that aging is natural and programmed into the body, while the second type is the biological aspect of aging theories say that aging is a result of damage which is accumulated over time. Disengagement theory, this is the withdrawal of involvement into social activities. According to Henry and Cumming (1961), this is natural for an older person to experience this mostly because elderly people have restricted opportunities to interact with others due to different reasons like their health.Every person may decline in their physical and mental health as they grow old and loss of social opportunities can be the reason why they disengage into the society, old person can get too tired easily. Retirement is another reason as they lose contact with their colleagues but there are many reasons why people disengage into the society. Everyone expects death, and ones abilities will likely deteriorate over time. As a result, every person will lose ties to others in his or her society.Genetically programmed theory, it says that our genes determine our life span. People often think that if they have a family member that lived over 100 years is more likely that they may inherit that genes. In this theory, human lifespan is due to inherited differences in our DNA. Our lifestyle, diet, activity, stress, aging and numerous other factors can impact our DNA and the way it functions. Aging, therefore, must be inherit in the organism and not simply a result of environmental factors or disease.So aging and death, according to this theory, are not a result of wear and tear or exposure, but are a programmed, natural and necessary part of genetics. In short, we are programmed to age and die. Wear and tear theory is where cells and tissues have vital parts that wear out resulting in aging. Like components of an aging car, parts of the body eventually wear out from repeated use, killing them and then the body.

Taken Aback

Taken Aback Taken Aback Taken Aback By Maeve Maddox A reader encountering the expression â€Å"taken aback† looked it up in the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, where he found this example of usage: â€Å"I was a little taken aback at the directness of the question.† However, he also found â€Å"taken aback by† and â€Å"taken aback that† in other printed sources. He wants to know what rule, if any, determines what word should follow the expression. â€Å"Taken aback† is used as an adjective meaning â€Å"shocked, amazed, astounded.† In modern usage, it is frequently followed by an adjective complement. Note: An adjective complement is a clause or phrase that adds to the meaning of an adjective or modifies it. The adjective complement always follows the adjective it complements and is a noun clause or a prepositional phrase. A web search yields numerous examples of â€Å"taken aback† followed by a noun clause beginning with that: New Jersey imam â€Å"taken aback† that his mosque was under surveillance Which actress thinks you’re taken aback that she’s ‘easygoing but not necessarily stupid’? Im a little taken aback that you have reg priced a Hasbro F/X star wars lightsaber at 48.00 then put it at 50% off. I was taken aback that this kind of diatribe could actually make [its] way to the general public. When â€Å"taken aback† is followed by a prepositional phrase, the usual preposition used is by, although both with and at are seen. The adverb aback has been in the language since Old English times. Two of its meanings are â€Å"in a backward direction† and â€Å"behind.† As an adverb with the figurative meaning of â€Å"in the past,† aback still occurs in regional dialect: â€Å"Werent it you I saw ride that grey mare over on Wondala a couple of years aback?†(OED example: A. Agar Queensland Ringer (2008) v. 40).â€Å"   Ã‚   The earliest OED example of â€Å"taken aback† to mean â€Å"surprised,† â€Å"shocked,† or â€Å"disconcerted† is dated 1751. This sense arose from a sailing term: taken aback: (transitive verb in the passive) Of a sail: to be suddenly pressed back against the mast, preventing forward progress, either through bad steering or a change in the wind. Of a ship, etc.: to be caught in this way. A person who is â€Å"taken aback† is momentarily â€Å"thrown off course† by some event or remark. Of the 18 examples offered in the OED for both the literal and figurative use of the expression, only four are followed by a prepositional phrase, two of which are governed by with and two of which begin with by. Other dictionaries offer usage examples with the preposition at, but a search on the Google Ngram Viewer suggests that by is by far the most common choice. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Farther vs. FurtherEnglish Grammar 101: Verb MoodWriting a Thank You Note

Is there such a thing as fair trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Is there such a thing as fair trade - Essay Example There are a number of groups and associations that have expressed the above sentiments and other problems facing the world commodity producers. Such advocates include; Caritas International, Amnesty International and Oxfam. However, despite these firm proponents, there have been some controversies linked to Free trade. Some people assert that free trade is nothing more than a subsidy while others claim that free trade proponents do not possess the ability to transform the trading system the world over. They believe that farmers are facing a situation that is simply beyond control and it will take much more than free trade ideals to change it. 2There were four main fair trade organisations that came up with a definition for Fair trade. These four organisations were known as FINE. They defined fair trade as a form of partnership that aims at instituting equity in trade. The trade referred to by this organisation is global in nature. Additionally, they support workers who have been marginalised and air out their views through fair trade organisations. The latter group offers campaigns and informs workers about their rights. Fair trade is based upon a number of principles; the first one being fair pay. Pay may be labelled fair if it incorporates all the expenses that workers incurred during the process of production. It must also cover environment considerations and labourer's social needs. It must also be on time and should cover their future production needs. Fair trade is also founded on the principle that workers should have the capacity to participate fully in their markets. They should be given the incentives to manage their products well and also to achieve greater flexibility within this realm. On top of these, farmers and other labourers should be handled in an open and transparent manner. No one has the permission to take advantage of their vulnerabilities through hidden dealings. Men and women should be treated as equals regardless of what their social premises may be. Reimbursements must be proportional to the amount of work done rather than to one's gender. According to fair trade advocates , workers should be provided with safe and conducive environments. This implies that children will only be allowed to work if this does not come in the way of their education, ell being, security and growth. Lastly, fair trade discourages the use of environmentally friendly working techniques, for instance, it strongly opposes the [production of genetically modified foods because they harm the environment. 3In the recent past, the FLO International (which sets standards in fair trade) created a labelling system where products can be Certified if the adhere top Fair trade principles. Some of these principles are examined during the process of growing a commodity, harvesting it and even supplying it to the world market. Products that earn the fair trade mark are those ones that do not employ children during child labour.Additionally, they must not involve the use of slave labour of any kind. The certified commodity should also have been produced in an environment that is safe to work in and one that does not undermine labourer's human rights. Its price must also be such that it can facilitate some social problems facing farmers

Innovation and Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Innovation and Entrepreneurship - Essay Example However, there are individuals who come up with original ideas for the future to gain huge profits. As a rule, these types of business look very interesting. How do you react when you are told that another millionaire made his millions on the sale of conventional jackets autographed by celebrities? But in fact this is the way Tanneberg Walter raised his capital in German city of Kiel. Selling jackets with autographs impressed rich people and they paid huge sums of money for these jackets. However, the business plan should be developed with regards to the investor's needs. The following steps should be taken: Summary. Every business plan summarizes data it contains. After reading the summary of the investor can "wake up" and invest money. Product. This section includes information about the product (product, service, project, and company): description, data – and a "unique selling proposition" (USP). It is very important to show confidence in the success of the project (Mintzbe rg, Ahlstrand and Lampel,1998). Market analysis. This part of a business plan includes information on the amount of the target market, its main trends. Such issues as market share and the actions taken are considered and a part of expenses is devoted to advertising and promotion. Manufacturing process. A description of all production phases of the project, a list of resources and tools (equipment, premises etc). Staff. The list of professionals involved in the design / development / promotion project (their skills, experience, qualifications etc). Project management. The list of project managers and the distribution of responsibilities between them. Cost management personnel, including the costs of the office (salaries, bonuses, rent, equipment, furniture, supplies etc). Sales plan. Projected revenues in the first months after launch, and after a year, three or five are considered. Examples of different scenarios for the project should be included in this section. Investment. The am ount of funds required to implement the project. You need to specify how much will cost borrowings, in which periods of activity and to what extent they are needed. Of course, there are many other issues, which should be taken into account, but, to my mind, the central innovative and a unique idea is a guarantee of further business plan success. My unique idea looks like this: I want to help my city in cleaning the roads from the used chewing gums. I plan to develop a series of posters with portraits of various celebrities - from politics to pop business starts. These posters can be placed on the subway while moving escalator, at the exit of the subway and bus stops and lamp posts and every 100 meters. The idea came to my mind after I noticed that people stick gum used for posters with images of people. Therefore, I plan to develop posters with the faces of famous people and write questions on them, such as "How do you feel about the legalization of marijuana in England?", "How do y ou feel about legalizing euthanasia?", "How do you feel about the banning of abortion?" And so on. Of course, people would like to vote in such an interesting way. Then personnel of my team will collect gums from two sectors of each poster: "for" and "against." Therefore, our community will get clean roads without any expenses on cleaning techniques, find out nation's attitude to critical social issues and enable me and my company to promote famous people and produce posters with their names. We can

Marketing service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing service - Essay Example After the demise of Cook, many other travel agents came who fulfilled the holiday and society desires for people for this novel transportation means, train. Since then, offices kept opening up to public in United Kingdom and the genuine ‘travel agencies’ came into existence. These travel agencies grew in hundreds and multiples and the invention of air package holiday in the year 1950 the number augmented by thousands as they reached 8,000 during 1990s. Today there are approximately 7000 travel agents in United Kingdom alone.1 Business travelers in United kingdom might select one of the United Kingdom’s assigned travel agents. The AAA Corporate Travel Services is the leading travel agency, in addition to the second agency which is off the campus called Avant Travel. The AAA Concur is on top of the online services of reservation in United Kingdom. Even though everyone in United Kingdom prefer arrangements by UK travel agents; they may decide on a different travel ag ent other than the UK travel, or any other organization than Concur. But, if they prefer to do so then a certain amount will be printed by Concur and it is submitted to travel agent for the aim of reimbursement. Personal credit card is mandated when any other vendor other than UK one is used and the amount of travel is reimbursed after the travel. 2 The liked method of business payment is the University Procurement Card which is favored payment method for the business airline tickets which can be purchased via Concur, AAA, and Avant Travel. The personal credit card is of immense value especially in case of a different vendor. The amount is reimbursed after the complete travel. This procurement card can be utilized for tax charges and business hotel room, conference registration fees, and rental car charges. Various travel discounts have been secured by United Kingdom. These discounts were discussed with Continental Airlines, Northwest Airlines, and Delta Airlines. The fares are stil l unpublished and are only on the sites of United Kingdom’s own travel agents. United Kingdom has many rental car discounts with national Car Rental and Enterprise Rent-A-Car and these discounts are discussed at various hotels. The aim of Travel agents is to make the business efficient and pleasurable for the customers.3 Many travel firms of United Kingdom believe that if you can survive in hard times then you can easily flourish in times of boom. The market is drastically becoming mature and recession increasing and so the United Kingdom travel agents face a lot of challenges today to survive in the market. Holidays today are a huge priority for people as they spent an indispensable amount on holidays. Therefore, there is a lot of pressure on the travel agents to come up with better deals and at the same time, offer an even greater protection for consumers. In these lean times, the firms are definitely looking for opportunities abroad and comprehend the challenges they might face for a feasible future. The recession is the biggest challenge which I no doubt decreasing the consumer spending and even if the things haven’t been great for some time, recession is on its verge today. Travel agents have reduced their capability for holiday programs and ‘de-risk model of business. 4 The finance cost and access to it is another challenge that the travel services are facing today. The seasonal travel needs efficient financial market at right rates when most needed. Also, the ways to protect

Political Legitimacy Essay Example for Free

Political Legitimacy Essay In defining political legitimacy, theorists Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Emma Goldman each put forth a distinct set of values that frame their view on a government’s right to rule. Hobbes, a strong proponent to the right of self-preservation, claims that the protection of life is the only criterion required for a government to be legitimate. On the other hand, John Locke believes that governments should not only preserve life, but also allow for individual liberties and protection of private property, while Emma Goldman maintains the belief that governments use coercion to take away freedoms and therefore should never, under any circumstances, be considered legitimate. Locke’s argument on political legitimacy, that more than just one value is needed to make a legitimate government, is compelling because his criterion protects more than just the life of citizens, it allows for individual’s to have their own liberties free from an oppressive sovereign and prevents the dangers posed by absolute freedom. This paper will set up the lines of government for each theorist and explain why Locke’s perspective on a representative government with separation of powers is more compelling than Goldman’s absence of government and Hobbes’ belief in a sovereign rule. Throughout his work entitled Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes argues that the right to self-preservation takes precedence above individual liberties. In the state of nature, man is given the right to do whatever he deems necessary to preserve his own life. Man can therefore commit injury to another man or his property if he thinks it is best to maintain his own life. This state of nature, being naturally quarrelsome, leads to distrust and competition, and encourages dangerous acts and widespread fear. There are no limits on the injuries or vengeance that can occur within this state and as a result, citizens find themselves in need of protection from the violence of others. The Hobbesian covenant thus creates government, by placing all power in the hands of a sovereign, to quell their fears and provide for their protection, thus establishing a state of peace. In establishing a covenant and a government, Hobbes provides the natural law that â€Å"a man be willing, when others are so too, as far-forth, as for peace, and defence of himself he shall think it necessary, to lay down this right to all things,† (Hobbes 80). This means that in order to protect himself, and finding others that desire their own protection above other things, man will give up all of his rights to a sovereign rule. Hobbes argues that failure to relinquish all rights to one ruler will place the covenant back into a state of nature. The sovereign, having been given all rights of the covenant has absolute power and can dictate all laws and grant or withhold all freedoms. He is not to abide by any laws himself, if so he becomes subject to the commonwealth that he rules, therefore forfeiting his absolute power. The covenant however, is not obligated to obey the sovereign in the event that his rule threatens their right to self- preservation. This right being primary in Hobbes’ view is the only thing which individuals ought to place above all other obligations, whether those duties are to their sovereign or fellow man. If it happens that the sovereign is in any way interfering with the right to self-preservation, a value held above all obligations and liberties of the commonwealth, members of the covenant may defy his commands and thrust themselves back into a state of war. This however, does not dissolve the commonwealth; it only removes an individual from the commonwealth. By dissolving government and the common wealth, the sovereign’s removal from power places the covenant into that same state of nature from which they came and they then must establish a new commonwealth and sovereign power. Therefore, the only way a sovereign power can be removed is upon death, though this often results in the succession of another sovereign, either by the predecessor’s choice or by election. Whereas Thomas Hobbes believes that an absolute sovereign government is the only form of legitimacy, Emma Goldman differs by claiming that no government is legitimate because they take away freedoms. Goldman puts forth the theory that individuals, given absolute freedom, have the ability to govern themselves and coexist peacefully in social harmony supplied by the solidarity of interests. The threat of violence and fear stem from the coercive actions used by any and all ruling governments. It is the belief that governments prevent us from doing what we want and force us to do things we don’t want to, Goldman says, that allow governments to â€Å"rest on violence, and are therefore wrong and harmful,† (Goldman 17). These governments harm individuals by â€Å"stealing in the form of taxes, [and] killing in the form of war and capital punishment,† (Goldman 20). Since anarchism claims that violence by government harms citizens, governments cannot provide protection for citizens. Because of her insistence that governments, being coercive and harmful, are never legitimate, Goldman fails to even consider the origins of government and the limits of their powers such as Hobbes and Locke have. She asserts that coercive governments use the threat of force and violence against citizens to control them, leading governments to pursue â€Å"the absolute subordination of the individual,† thus limiting all freedoms and liberties that in a free state, the individual would have access to, (Goldman 19). The subordination of the people by government, degrading the population to mundane obedience, creates an environment that is colorless and spiritless. Instead of adhering to the control of corrupt institutions, Goldman urges individuals to break the coercive hold of governments, defy all authority and pursue the freedoms they would acquire within a state social harmony exempt from authoritative rule. Locke, holding the belief that Hobbes’ rights of the sovereign would lead to tyranny, and that Goldman’s value of absolute freedom would produce a weak and chaotic society without laws, makes a case for government that combines the best of Goldman and Hobbesian theories. Locke’s view on political legitimacy allows for a government with separate powers, so as not to become tyrannical, and for liberties provided to citizens under government rule to encourage freedom and equality. Under Locke’s state of nature, all man is made equal by the decree of God. Each man must preserve himself, but also under God’s power, has a duty to maintain peace amongst the whole of mankind. This view of equality, over Hobbes’ factor of diffidence, as a main quality in the state of nature thus leads to a more dispersed and equal government, as opposed to Hobbes’ government in which all power is placed in one ruler. In a Lockian government, power is divided into the legislative and the executive, this separation of power keeps one person from having complete control over another, and the legislative and executive, according to Locke â€Å"have rules also of appointing and conveying the right to those who are to have any share in the public authority,† (Locke 101). This means that all legislative and executive bodies of governing are bound by the own laws which they make, so as not to become corrupt, tyrannical and illegitimate. Locke, in agreeing with Hobbes, realizes that governments should be established for the protection of the people; however he also notes that protecting an individual’s life should not be their only function. The primary values Locke gives of life, liberty and property, claim that governments have a duty to not only protect the life of an individual, but protect their property and provide them with liberties as well. He agrees with Goldman that the freedom of the individual is an important value not to be overlooked, and maintains the provision that legitimate governments must provide and protect citizen’s rights. Nevertheless, Locke does not go so far as to guarantee the absolute freedom that Goldman presents. He predicts that complete freedoms will lead society on a dangerous path and that laws are put in place to police self-interests and prevent man from causing harm to one another. Locke also refutes the Hobbesian notion that only the sovereign has the power to dictate which liberties to provide and which to withhold. He asserts that individuals must be given fundamental rights which no authority has the power take away. Regarding property rights, Locke produces the â€Å"Labor Theory of Value† in which common property, when mixed with labor, becomes the private property of those who labored on it. Governments cannot allocate this property otherwise and it must be entrusted to its rightful owner. On the dissolution of government, Locke advances the right of the populace to establish new institutions of government if the former has become corrupt and oppressive. Locke approaches the dissolution of governments by arguing that individuals have the right to rebel against governments that are found to be illegitimate. He claims that governments are illegitimate when they â€Å"are altered without the consent and contrary to the common interest of the people,† (Locke 109). He asserts that in this event, individuals are obligated to rebel and create a new governing body that responds to their wishes, thus giving rights of directing the government to its creators and maintaining that the commonwealth is guaranteed some amount of power over its government. Locke’s concept of political legitimacy is compelling because it allows for cooperation between the public and government which prevents the possibility of tyranny that is derived from Hobbes’ theory. His theory of legitimacy also protects life, property and the liberties of people while preventing any dangers to the public that can be drawn from Goldman’s theory that no government is better than some government. At length, Locke’s theory, which successfully combines the values of separate authoritative powers, government protections, and individual liberties, establishes a society in which there is a fair and equal relationship between the commonwealth and its ruling institution.